Abstract: The subject of this research is the issues of economic security in various technological modes. Considering the periodical alternation of technological modes within the global technical and economic development, the author determines the key characteristics of these technological modes, as well as the issues of economic security at the time of dominance of each mode. Moreover, the article provides a detailed description of hypothetical core of a new, sixth technological mode, the transition to which is substantiated by attenuation of the current model of capitalistic development and the need for reconfiguration around the modern socioeconomic demands. Special attention is given to the assessment of research and development potential of the Russian economy. The author reveals the main threats to economic security in terms of the untimely transition to the new technological wave, as well as concludes that Russia currently experiences the dominance of the third and fourth technological modes, while the fifth mode is yet to achieve the pinnacle of its development. The author believes that if in the nearest future Russia will concentrate the existing resources on the key promising directions of the sixth technological mode, then alongside the global technological shifts, it will create the “window of opportunity” for technological breakthrough and bring about the “Russian economic wonder”.