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Agriculture
Reference:
Okach M.A., Egoshina E.A.
The growth and development dynamics of small fraction bulbs of Hyacinthus orientalis
// Agriculture.
2022. ¹ 1.
P. 10-16.
DOI: 10.7256/2453-8809.2022.1.38133 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=38133
The growth and development dynamics of small fraction bulbs of Hyacinthus orientalis
Okach Mariya Aleksandrovna
ORCID: 0000-0001-7147-1676
Educational master, Botanical Garden-Institute, Volga State University of Technology
424300, Russia, respublika Marii El, g. Ioshkar-Ola, ul. Mira, 2b
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OkachMA@volgatech.net
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Egoshina Evgeniya Alekseevna
Student, Department of Landscape Gardening, Botany and Dendrology, Volga State University of Technology
424000, Russia, respublika Marii El, g. Ioshkar-Ola, ploshchad' Lenina, 3
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egoshina_ev@bk.ru
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DOI: 10.7256/2453-8809.2022.1.38133
Received:
23-05-2022
Published:
16-06-2022
Abstract:
Hyacinthus orientalis is a valuable decorative bulbous plant. One of the main limitations of its widespread use in landscaping is the low coefficient of vegetative reproduction and the high cost of planting material. Hyacinths are usually grown with the annual digging of bulbs in summer and planting them in autumn. The article presents the results of experience in growing bulbs of small hyacinth fraction with various agricultural techniques. The experiment was carried out in the period 2016-2018 in the open ground in the Botanical Garden-Institute of VSUT (the Mari El Republic). The dynamics of growth and development of 6 hyacinth varieties bulbs was studied during two-year cultivation with annual digging and without digging. It was found that the weight of bulbs of all studied hyacinths varieties increased intensively during two-year cultivation without annual digging. In the experiment variant with annual digging of bulbs weighing 7.3-8.5 g (first size), the formation of baby bulbs was noted only in the varieties ‘Eros’ and ‘Lady Derby’, without annual digging – in the varieties ‘Carnegie’, ‘Lady Derby', ‘Madame Sophie'. The weight of the bulbs of the second size (from 3.8 to 4.5 g) for 1 year of cultivation increased by an average of 1.6 times. Bulbs weighing up to 2 g (third size) for 2 years of cultivation are able to increase their weight by 3 times. Bulbs of terry varieties ‘Rosette’ and ‘Madame Sophie’ weighing up to 2 g grew better during two-year cultivation without annual digging. The data obtained can be used in the cultivation of hyacinths in decorative nurseries.
Keywords:
oriental hyacinth, bulb mass, agrotechnics, bulbous plants, botanical garden, growth dynamics, coefficient of vegetative reproduction, introduction, open ground, growing
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Introduction. Hyacinth oriental (Hyacinthus orientalis L.) is an early flowering bulbous plant with linear-lanceolate, bright green, fleshy leaves forming a basal rosette. The flowers are bell-shaped, simple or double, collected in a cylindrical spike up to 20-35 cm high. The bulbs are spherical or broadly cone-shaped with numerous succulent storage covering scales. The roots are located along the perimeter of the bottom, do not have branches and root hairs. In culture since 1562 [1]. Oriental hyacinth is widely used in landscaping urban spaces in countries with warm and mild climates [2]. In its wild form, it grows in the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean (Iran, Iraq, Syria, Palestine), in north Africa, where there is no frost in winter. However, for several centuries the main commercial plantings of this crop have been concentrated in Holland [3]. The modern assortment of Oriental hyacinth varieties is represented by a wide variety of perianth coloration, flower shape, inflorescence density, flowering dates, the number of inflorescences in one bulb. Despite the variety of varieties, this crop in Russia is practically not used in flower arrangements of open ground. In our country, hyacinths are mainly grown indoors as a pasture crop [4, 5] and only in the southern regions they are used in the design of urban flower beds in the open ground [2, 6, 7, 8]. Hyacinths are grown with annual digging of bulbs in summer and planting them in autumn, propagated by baby bulbs, bulbous scales and leaf cuttings [9], as well as in vitro [10, 11, 12, 13]. One of the reasons why this flower crop is used in gardening is limited is the high price of planting material. The high price of hyacinth bulbs is associated with a low natural coefficient of vegetative reproduction in the open ground [14]. The ability of hyacinths to form daughter bulbs is the basis of accelerated artificial reproduction techniques, as a result of which a large number of small bulbs (children) are formed) [1, 5, 15, 16, 17]. The study of the growth characteristics of small fraction bulbs will allow us to develop effective methods of growing hyacinth babies to commercial bulbs and further use them to expand the range of spring-flowering plants. The results of the initial introduction tests in the conditions of the Republic of Mari El showed high decorative qualities of this crop and the ability to natural vegetative reproduction [18, 19]. The purpose of this work is to study the growth of baby varieties of hyacinth Oriental in the conditions of the Republic of Mari El. Objects and methods of research. In the collection of the Botanical Garden-Institute of the Volga State Technological University, 30 varieties of Oriental hyacinth are being introduced. To study the growth dynamics of hyacinth bulbs, 6 varieties were selected from the collection: ‘L'innocence’, ‘Carnegie’, ‘Lady Derby’, ‘Rosette’, ‘Eros’, ‘Madame Sophie'. The reconciliation of the names of varieties and their distribution into groups were carried out according to the data of the Royal Horticultural Society [20] and the Royal General Association of Producers of Bulbous Plants [21]. ‘L'innocence’ – flowers are simple narrow-ringed, creamy at the beginning of flowering, pure white by the end, the inflorescence is dense, the bulb with white covering scales, the duration of flowering is up to 16 days. ‘Carnegie' – the color of a simple perianth is white, the inflorescence is dense, the bulb with white covering scales, the duration of flowering is up to 18 days. ‘Lady Derby' – flowers are simple light pink with a slight orange tint, inflorescence is loose, bulb with purple covering scales, flowering duration is up to 14 days. ‘Rosette’ – the color of the perianth is pink with a bright central vein, the shape of the flower is double, the inflorescence is dense, the bulb with purple covering scales, the duration of flowering is up to 13 days. 'Eros' – flowers are dense, bright pink in color, the inflorescence is dense, the bulb with purple covering scales, the duration of flowering is up to 15 days. ‘Madame Sophie' – double flowers with pure white color, dense inflorescence, bulb with creamy-white covering scales, flowering duration up to 15 days. The experience of studying the growth of children was carried out from 2016 to 2018. Before planting, the bulbs of the small fraction were divided, depending on the weight, into the baby 1, 2 and 3 parsing. The bulbs of each analysis were divided into two groups. The first group was dug out annually for two years, and the second group of bulbs was cultivated in one place for two years, without annual digging. After digging, the weight of the bulbs was taken into account. The bulbs were calibrated according to the current standards [22]. The bulbs were grown in the same edaphic conditions. The field materials were processed by descriptive statistics methods using the Microsoft Excel application program at a 95 percent reliability level. The climate of the Republic of Mari El is moderately continental, with a long cold winter, dry spring, and wet autumn. The soils are fresh, slightly podzolic, medium and heavy loamy on cover clays and loams [23]. Presentation of the results. The dynamics of the mass of bulbs by analysis is shown in the table. Table – Dynamics of hyacinth bulb mass by analysis | Name of the variety | Weight of the baby, g | | Original
| With annual digging | Without annual digging | | for the 1st year | for the 2nd year | | The first analysis | | ‘L'Innocence’ | 8,0±0,29 | 12,7±1,45 | 22,5±2,51 | 27,4±1,36 | | ‘Carnegie’ | 7,3±0,30 | 14,7±1,00 | 21,4±1,34 | 35,1±3,62 | | ‘Lady Derby’ | 7,9±0,20 | 25,1±0,82 | 38,1±1,20 |
59,0±2,31 | | ‘Madam Sophie’ | 7,9±0,31 | 13,2±1,08 | 20,6±1,50 | 34,3±2,96 | | ‘Eros’ | 7,8±0,27 | 26,0±1,77 | 32,4±1,57 | 35,6±1,34 | | ‘Rosette’ | 8,5±0,22 | 20,2±1,04 | 29,4±0,89 | 35,5±3,59 | | Second analysis | | ‘L'Innocence’ | 4,1±0,10 |
6,7±0,31 | 10,5±0,51 | 9,8±0,82 | | ‘Carnegie’ | 3,9±0,11 | 8,2±0,68 | 11,6±0,71 | 10,6±0,39 | | ‘Lady Derby’ | 4,1±0,09 | 6,0±0,81 | 12,7±1,73 | 20,1±1,24 | | ‘Madam Sophie’ | 3,8±0,10 | 4,9±0,41 | 8,8±0,78 | 15,5±1,59 | | ‘Eros’ | 3,7±0,13 |
6,3±0,59 | 10,4±0,79 | 11,4±1,18 | | ‘Rosette’ | 4,5±0,12 | 5,8±0,43 | 8,3±0,41 | 11,2±1,45 | | The third analysis | | ‘L'Innocence’ | 1,4±0,06 | 2,2±0,13 | 4,0±0,23 | 4,6±0,33 | | ‘Carnegie’ | 1,6±0,07 | 1,6±0,34 | 4,1±0,27 | 4,3±0,39 | |
‘Lady Derby’ | 1,4±0,07 | 2,7±0,28 | 4,9±0,55 | 5,2±0,74 | | ‘Madam Sophie’ | 1,9±0,05 | 4,1±0,29 | 5,7±0,51 | 7,9±0,88 | | ‘Eros’ | 1,3±0,11 | 3,3±3,92 | 5,6±0,57 | 5,8±0,67 | | ‘Rosette’ | 1,5±0,08 | 2,6±0,33 | 4,1±0,53 | 7,0±0,64 |
The first analysis included bulbs weighing from 7.3 g to 8.5 g. With annual digging, bulbs of varieties with pink perianth increased their mass more intensively. In the first year of cultivation, the weight of these bulbs ranged from 20.0 g to 26 g, in the second year - from 29.4 g to 38.1 g. With annual digging, the formation of children was noted only in the varieties ‘Eros’ and ‘Lady Derby’, the reproduction coefficient was 2.0 and 2.15, respectively. Bulbs cultivated without digging for two years increased the average weight by 4.8 times. The maximum weight of bulbs in this cultivation variant is set for the variety ‘Lady Derby’ (59 g), the minimum – for ‘L'innocence’ (27.4 g). The reproduction coefficient for two years of cultivation without digging was 2.04 for the variety ‘Lady Derby’, 1.43 for ‘Madame Sophie’, 1.21 for ‘Carnegie’. The baby of the first analysis for two years of cultivation in all variants of the experiment grew to bulbs of 4 analysis. The second analysis consisted of a bulb weighing from 3.8 g to 4.5 g. During the first year of cultivation, the weight of bulbs of this analysis increased by an average of 1.6 times, the exception was the ‘Carnegie’ variety, in which the weight of bulbs increased by 2.1 times. The maximum weight of bulbs for the second year of cultivation was observed in the variety ‘Lady Derby’ (12.7 g), the minimum – in ‘Rosette’ (8.3 g). With a two-year culture without digging, the weight of bulbs of the ‘Lady Derby’ variety increased 5 times and amounted to 20.1 g, while over two years of annual digging, the weight of bulbs of this variety increased only 3 times. In two years of cultivation, the bulbs of the second analysis reached the size of the children of the 1st analysis. Bulbs weighing from 1.3 g to 1.9 g were selected for the third analysis. Their weight in all variants increased by an average of 3 times, with the exception of the varieties ‘Rosette’ and ‘Madame Sophie'. In these varieties, the bulbs grew more intensively during two-year cultivation without digging. Within two years, the weight of the baby increased from the third analysis to the second analysis. Conclusions: 1. With two-year cultivation without annual digging, the baby hyacinth of the first analysis in the studied varieties reached the mass of bulbs of 4 analysis. 2. Baby hyacinth with a weight of bulbs from 3.8 g to 4.5 g in two years of cultivation reaches the mass of a baby of 1 analysis. 3. Baby hyacinth with a weight of bulbs up to 2 g is able to increase its weight 3 times in two years. 4. For the children of the first and second analysis of the ‘Lady Derby’ variety, a high rate of weight gain was noted for two years of cultivation.
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Subject of research: according to the author of the article, the study of the peculiarities of the dynamics of growth and development of bulbs of the small fraction of Oriental hyacinth in the conditions of the Republic of Mari El. Research methodology: The authors position the tests of a collection of 6 varieties of hyacinth of the Oriental Botanical Garden-Institute of the Volga State Technological University introduction are conducted to study the dynamics of bulb growth from 2016 to 2018 in the same edaphic conditions. The field materials were processed using descriptive statistics methods using the Microsoft Excel application program at a 95 percent reliability level. The relevance of the problem consists in identifying and developing the use in flower compositions of open ground and urban flower beds, taking into account the basic possibilities for further creation and promotion of varieties of ornamental vegetation of the assortment of oriental hyacinth varieties with a wide variety of perianth coloration, flower shape, inflorescence density, flowering dates, number of inflorescences per bulb. It is relevant to introduce into the landscaping of the city and floral design, which affect the quality and decorativeness of flower beds. The author of the article does not position the scientific novelty, however, based on the content of the article and the description of the experience, it should be said about the comparative characteristics of the increase in the weight of bulbs of different ages in different varieties subjected to research. The use of hyacinth as a landscaping will increase the time of flower decoration of urban flower beds. At the same time, in our opinion, it is promising to identify the conditions for the cultivation of hyacinth and the selection of an assortment of varieties for various soil and climatic conditions of the Russian Federation. Style, structure, content the style of presentation of the results is scientific, the structure of the construction and presentation of the material is built quite logically. However, there are a number of issues, in particular: Speaking about descriptive statistics, the author should provide data not only on the average deviation from the average value, but also other indicators of statistical analysis. When analyzing the analysis of bulbs of different weights of the compared varieties, it would be necessary to indicate the factors of changes in their weight. Based on observations of weather conditions during the years of research, it would be necessary to draw a conclusion about the optimal timing of planting seedlings in the Middle Urals and recommend dates for the middle zone of Russia. The author of the article should have presented in more detail the material on the influence of external factors of the use of oriental hyacinth varieties in the open ground in the conditions of the Republic of Mari El. The bibliography is extensive, contains mainly relevant sources. An appeal to opponents in identifying the problem at the level of available information obtained by the author as a result of analyzing a large number of literary sources. Conclusions, the interest of the readership The conclusion given by the author summarizes the content of the article, the conclusions of the article are stating, the prospects for use are indicated, but the consumer of the information presented in the article is not defined by the authors.
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