Genesis: Historical research - rubric History of regions of Russia
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MAIN PAGE > Journal "Genesis: Historical research" > Rubric "History of regions of Russia"
History of regions of Russia
Popov A.D. - “Boxer Rebellion” in China in perception of the Siberian common people (based on the materials of Tomsk and Irkutsk newspapers) pp. 1-8

DOI:
10.7256/2409-868X.2016.6.20976

Abstract: This article reconstructs the perception of the “Boxer Rebellion” in China (1898-1901) among the common people of Siberia. The research is based primarily on the materials of Tomsk and Irkutsk private newspapers. Altogether, the author examined approximately 20 correspondences from the cities and villages of Western and Eastern Siberia (Irkutsk, Tomsk, Yeniseysk, Omsk, Ulan-Ude, Kokshetau, and others). The author also provides a brief description of the key events of “Chinese revolt”, as well as demonstrates the general historiographical background of the explored topic. The work is structured according to the principles of historicism and objectivity. The scientific novelty first and foremost consists in the introduction of the new circle of sources on this problematic into the scientific discourse (as a rule, in analyzing the “vox populi” regarding the Yihequan uprising, the historians used to refer to the Moscow or Far Eastern mass media). The conclusion is made that the events of 1898-1901 aroused great interest among the “ordinary” Siberians, as well as were widely discussed in cities and villages. However, the lack of information about the events taking place in the neighboring country substantiated the formation of a tense atmosphere in the region, which resulted in a number of tragic incidents.
Azarenko I.S. - Change of status of the serfs of Kaluga Province in 1859-1862 in the context of implementation of the Serfdom Abolishment Manifesto pp. 1-8

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2018.5.26044

Abstract: The object of this research is the aspects of socioeconomic status of peasants in the Russian Empire in second half of the XIX century until the adoption of Emancipation Manifesto of 1861 and as a result of its implementation. The subject of this research is the peculiarities of the change of status of the serfs in Kaluga Province in 1859-1862 due to the Emancipation Reform. Based on the studied materials, the author provides the data on peasants’ life until the reform of 1861 and specificities of their dependent status. The author examines the specificity of conversion of peasants in Kaluga Province into the status of the temporary obliged; as well as analyzed the precise examples of conflict situations emerging in the post-reform period between peasants and landowners in the region. The scientific novelty lies in analysis of the previously unused archival documents from the State Archive of Kaluga Oblast that allowed considering the new factual material regarding the status of serfs in Kaluga Province during the indicated timeframe. A conclusion is made about the insignificant changes of serfs’ status with proclamation of the Manifesto of 1861, which mostly affected the civic-legal status rather than land relations. It is determined that in overall discontent with the terms of liberation, the declaration of the provisions of peasant reformed was met by the peasants loyally due to the mediate policy of the governor general of Kaluga Province V. A. Artsimovich
Tatarnikova A.I. - Everyday life of peasants in extreme conditions of migration to Siberia (late XIX – early XX centuries) pp. 1-13

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2018.9.27250

Abstract: The subject of this research is the everyday life of peasant migrants, who in the course of their migration got into extreme circumstances substantiated by the immediate move to new lands, as well as the need for economic, sociocultural, psychological and physiological adaptation at the new places of settlement. The author takes into account the problems of transportation, natural and climatic, socioeconomic and other factors and circumstances that determine the extremeness of everyday life of the voluntary migrants. The work is founded on the procedural and modernization approaches. The first interprets the everyday life as ordinary, mundane existence of people; while the extremeness is associated with certain emergency, anomaly, standards of living that changed under the influence of certain factors, accustomed mindset and behavior. The second approach represents an interdisciplinary model of examination of society, its transition from the traditional to contemporary type, accompanied by destruction of the traditional values and mental perceptions. For the first time the everyday life of peasants is characterized in the extreme circumstances. A conclusion is made that migration was a factor that affected the sociocultural transformation of Siberian society. Extremeness of migration manifested in the most severe circumstances of adaptation of the migrants in new lands: unsanitariness and transport failure, mass gatherings of migrants at migration points, unsatisfactory financial situation, food, high incidence of disease and death, etc. The migrants were forced to change their value orientations, find the ways of interaction with autochthonous population, use new life experience.
Baranov E.Y. - Peasantry, social transformations and famine in the USSR during the early 1930’s (on the materials of Ural Region) pp. 1-16

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2019.1.28498

Abstract: The goal of this research is to determine the changes in social behavior of peasantry in the conditions of escalation of the food problem and famine during the 1928-1934 (on the materials of Ural Region and Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic). The author examines the factors and behavioral characteristics, giving special attention of the analysis of evolution in the actions of Ural peasants as the situation worsened. The relevance of this work is substantiated by the attempts to have a more detailed perspective on the scale of social disruption in the agrarian sphere and rural community in the USSR during the 1930’s. The descriptive method allows characterizing the changes in peasants’ behavior in terms of worsening of the food situation. The historical-genetic method allows viewing the changes in peasants’ actions at the initial stages and escalation of famine, determine the cause and effect links between the growing food crisis and changes in behavior of the rural population. The scientific novelty consists in conducting a special research on the social behavior of Ural peasantry in the conditions of famine in the early 1930’s, which has not previously become an independent subject of study. It is demonstrated that initial cause of peasants’ protest was the procurements, and then the focus shifted towards the indignation over famine. During the 1932-1933, the collective demonstrations, escape to cities, and looting were mostly justified by filling their need in food. Escalation of famine also led to manifestation of social deviations. In 1933, the rise in mortality created a threat to reproduction of the rural population, which in the Ural Region was more evident than in Bashkir ASSR.
Tatarnikova A.I., Churkin M.K. - Agrarian colonization of Western Siberia and Governor-Generalship of the Steppes in the sociopolitical discourse of the late XIX – early XX century pp. 1-9

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2020.1.31716

Abstract: The subject of this article is the content and channels of representation of sociopolitical discourse on agrarian colonization of Western Siberia and Governor-Generalship of the Steppes in the late XIX – early XX century. The article gives characteristics to sociocultural, sociopolitical and economic contexts of resettlement movement to Western Siberia and Governor-Generalship of the Steppes, which became the basis for discourse on the key questions of agrarian colonization with regards to imperial understanding of the causes and results of incorporation of Trans-Ural territories into Russia. Methodological foundation contains approaches recorded in the scientific research practices of the “new imperial history”, which allow determining the way that the authorities and Russian society “pictured” and structuralized the imperial space, developing the adequate projects and implementing the practices of incorporation of suburbs into the imperial domain. Based on the extensive circle of published sources, the conclusion is made, according to which the actualization of agrarian question in the European governorates of Russia became an objective condition for the formation of grounds of sociopolitical discourse on agrarian colonization. The current political events in suburbs of the empire, which invoked diametrically opposed response of the liberals and national conservatives in the discourse, became the background of bringing the topic into discussion.
Filippova V.V. - Displacement of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation neighboring with Yakutia: history and modernity pp. 1-15

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2021.12.36995

Abstract: The subject of this research is displacement of the indigenous small-numbered peoples in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation neighboring with Yakutia. The object is the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North residing in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk Oblast, Zabaykalsky Krai, Amur Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai, Magadan Oblast, and Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. These constituent entities of the Russian Federation have contiguous territories with the Sakha Republic. The author examines the displacement and size of the indigenous population of the regions of the Russian Federation neighboring with Yakutia. Special attention is given to clarification of the places of traditional dwelling of the indigenous small-numbered peoples in the aforementioned regions of the Russian Federation. It is established that the following ethnic groups reside in the territory contiguous to Yakutia: Dolgans, Evenks, Evens, Yukaghirs and Chukchi. The areas of residence of the listed ethnic groups border with the areas of settlement of the corresponding indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North in the territory of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). The author’s special contribution lies in the analysis of displacement and size of the indigenous population in the regions of the Russian Federation neighboring with Yakutia on the local level. The novelty of consists in the territorial analysis of the places of traditional dwelling of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North.
Tatarnikova A.I. - The development of sociocultural infrastructure in rural localities of Tobolsk and Tomsk governorates in the early XX century: comparative analysis pp. 1-8

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2022.1.37291

Abstract: This article carries out a comparative analysis of the development of sociocultural infrastructure of rural localities in the two Western Siberian governorates – Tobolsk and Tomsk. The object of this research is the rural localities of the region, while the subject is their sociocultural infrastructure represented by religious, educational, medical care, and other institutions. The goal lies in comparative characteristics of the development of infrastructure facilities in Tobolsk and Tomsk rural localities, as well as determination of their common and specific features. The “Lists of Populated Localities” of Tobolsk and Tomsk governorates for 1903 – 1904 and 1911 – 1912 served as the key source for this research. Similar data contained in the aforementioned “Lists” allowed analyzing the statistical data on the number of localities that featured different elements of sociocultural infrastructure in two time samples, as well as tracing changes in the development of settlements in historical dynamics. The conclusion is made that in the level of sociocultural development of rural localities, Tomsk governorate was ahead of Tobolsk governorate. The author notes is a significant difference between the sociocultural development of Russian localities and settlements of the indigenous population of the region (Tatars, Khanty, Mansi, and other). The infrastructure of the indigenous population remained poorly developed. Some of them had only religious facilities, such as mosques, and schools under them. The number of religious, educational, medical care, and postal institutions in Siberian settlements was increasing; however, their network remained scarce, and the slow pace of development did not correspond to the growth rate of the settlement network of the region.
Kattsina T.A., Marinenko L.E. - Change of the model and practices of solution of the problem of child neglect in the early XX century (on the materials of Yeniseysk Governorate) pp. 9-19

DOI:
10.7256/2409-868X.2016.6.20730

Abstract: The article is dedicated to examination of the model and practical activity of the local leadership of Yeniseysk Governorate in solution of the child neglect problem during the period of 1917-1925. The chronological framework of the research capture the term of establishment of the Soviet authority in the country, as well as the first reforms in the area of protection of childhood. The study of the aforementioned issue on the materials of Yeniseysk Governorate allows formulating an idea about what events took place in the region and the entire country. The scientific novelty consists in introduction into the scientific discourse of the new archive materials that have never been published earlier, which allowed reconstructing the practice of implementation of the Soviet model of solving the problem of child neglect on the example of Yeniseysk Governorate. The conclusion is made about the changes made in providing help to the street children during the first years of Soviet government, when the private initiative of separate individuals was replaced by the state centralized system. The article gives the analysis of the system of government measures on the struggle against neglect in the region; determines and systematizes the factors which formed the children homelessness during the stated historical period; and presents the assessment of the efficiency of work of the local self-governance in solution of this problem.
Nagornov V.P. - Economic modernization of Russia of the middle of XIX – the beginning of XX century in the history of mining factories of Ryazan Province pp. 9-18

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2018.5.26169

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the impact of capitalist modernization of Russian of the second half of XIX – the beginning of XX century upon the development of metallurgical industry of Ryazan Region. The object of this research is the infrastructure of metallurgical branch of Ryazan Province, trade-industrial and financial institutions that participated in financing of manufacturing, factory personnel, dynasties of the factory owners. Major attention is given to the dynamics of performance indicators of the factories, development of the new centers of metallurgical industry in Sapozhkovsky, Kasimovsky and Ryazansky districts, and transformation of the output structure of the factories. The research is carried out on the basis of modernization approach and principle of historicism, with application of system analysis, problem-chronological, logical, and historical-comparative methods. The results can be valuable in development of the modernization programs for Russian industry. The article introduces into the scientific circulation the new facts that reflect the specificity of entering of the Ryazan mining factories into the system of the commodity and financial market. A conclusion is made that despite the fragmentary nature and instability of the modernization tendencies in development of the Ryazan metallurgy, its structures have played an important role in diversification of the economy and evolution of the social space of Ryazan Krai of the post-reform era.
Tatarnikova A.I. - Hygiene and sanitary conditions of educational environment and health of schoolchildren of Western Siberia in the late XIX – early XX centuries pp. 10-24

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2019.12.31634

Abstract: The object of this research is the students of educational establishments of Western Siberia at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries; the subject is the hygiene and sanitary conditions of their educational environment and physical health. The author gives characteristics to the technical, hygiene and sanitary state of school buildings; determines the most widespread illnesses; traces their link with the hygiene and sanitary conditions of educational environment; analyzes the actions of government, pedagogical and medical personnel, social organizations aimed at prevention and counteraction of school illnesses. Research methodology leans on the complex and interdisciplinary approaches, as well as considers separate provisions of modernization theory pertinent to the change of public consciousness under the influence of economic and sociocultural transformations fell on the late XIX – early XX centuries. The author analyzes the stance of the officials, pedagogues and physicians on school as a social institution, and its impact on the students’ health. Based on the extensive volume of sources, including the unpublished, the author describes the state of school buildings, and provides statistical data on the technical, hygiene and sanitary conditions of educational environment. Negative influence of school environment upon students’ health is demonstrated. The conclusion is made on the changes in relation of the government and society to school overall. Among the positive changes are named: the strengthening of hygiene and sanitary control over educational establishments, implementation of annual medical examinations of schoolchildren, supply with first aid kits, conducting lectures for pedagogues on school hygiene and prevention of highly contagious illnesses, organization of hygiene and sanitary education for the young generation, etc.
Kopyrina S.N. - Factory Settlements of State-Owned Enterprises in Ural in the 20-50s of the XVIII Century. pp. 11-25

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2023.1.39645

EDN: BCQHZK

Abstract: The subject of the study are residents of factory settlements of state-owned factories in the Urals. The aim of the study is to reconstruct the social and living conditions of living and working conditions of employees and factory workers. The basis of the study is the office documents of the Siberian Oberbergamt (Office of the Chief Executive of the Board since 1734), stored in the State Archive of the Sverdlovsk region. Special attention is paid to the conditions of the formation of settlements around the factories, the main categories of the population and their quantitative composition are determined. The duration of working hours, occupations of residents on weekends and holidays are considered. The system of receiving salaries of the officer mining corps, employees, the amount of remuneration of the main categories of workers has been studied. The analysis of prices for basic foodstuffs, clothing, shoes, household economy, living conditions of residents of factory settlements is presented. The novelty of the study is to identify the average wage for various categories of workers. The available materials on the living conditions of the inhabitants of the mining Urals allow us to conclude that the population of factory settlements was heterogeneous in social structure. The population of factory settlements mainly had their own housing, which varied by category of positions held. The remuneration of most of the factory workers varied from 18 to 30 rubles. The household economy of the population of factory settlements was also under the management of the Office, which kept records of pasture lands. The number of holidays and days off for factory workers was regulated by the provisions of the Instructions to the Factory commissioner dated October 16, 1723. A special contribution of the author in the study of the topic is the compilation of summary tables on the number of population of state-owned factories in the Urals, identifying the features of the activities of V.I. Gennin and V.N. Tatishchev on the organization of working hours and rest time of factory workers.
Zagorodnyuk N.I. - Life of inmates of the Tobolsk maximum security prison (1924-1929) pp. 12-22

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2018.11.27751

Abstract: The subject of this research is the living conditions of inmates in the only maximum security prison in Western Siberia. This implies the pattern of daily routine for satisfying physiological needs of a human. The article examines the following questions: dynamics of the number of inmates and related to it and other factors living conditions; peculiarities of funding and providing prisoners with food, clothes and living essentials; rendering of medical aid; and acquisition of spiritual wealth. The scientific novelty is defined by the fact that the history of Tobolsk maximum security prison became the subject of special research. The introduction into scientific discourse of archival documents allows circumstantiating the elements of daily routine of inmates, set of methods and approaches, as well as vies these processes from the standpoint of understanding the severe everyday life. The conclusion is made that the organization of the inmates’ dality routine of Tobolsk maximum security prison had the same flaws as the penitentiary system of the 1920’s overall: weak financial base, number of prisoners that exceeds normative indexes, unsatisfactory provision with food and living essentials, low level of medical services.
Seleznev A.V. - Establishment and problems of operation of the Krasnoyarsk branch of All-Union Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge (1947-1949) pp. 16-34

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2018.3.25534

Abstract: The object of this research is the process of incorporation of Krasnoyarsk intelligentsia into the political and enlightenment organization, which major goal consisted in distribution of the political and scientific knowledge in USSR. The subject of this research is the establishment and problems of operation of the Krasnoyarsk branch of All-Union Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge during the period when the indicated society forms and develops as an academic organization of the prominent scientific and public figures of the country, claiming a somewhat political-educational autonomy (1947-1949). The author introduces into the scientific discourse the previously unpublished archival documents that allowed compiling, systematizing, and analyzing the new factual material that provides a relatively full representation on the creation, operation, and educational activity of the regional All-Union Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge in the period of 1947-1949. The author concludes that this organization was formed by the prominent scientific and cultural figures, who had ideological and organizational ties with the leading part – All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Majority of the organization committee members involved in creation of the Krasnoyarsk branch of All-Union Society along with such enrolled by 1948 were the lecturers of the three universities of Krasnoyarsk: Medical, Pedagogical, and Siberian Forest Engineering institutes. In the first year of its existence, the Krasnoyarsk branch of All-Union Society was not able to pursue the lecturing activities due to experiencing the organizational issues.
Ivlev N.N. - Financial education in Chelyabinsk Region in the conditions of Great Patriotic War pp. 16-26

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2019.5.29683

Abstract: This article examines the system of training and advanced training of personnel for financial institutions of Chelyabinsk Region during the Great Patriotic War. It is determined that the system of full-time educational establishments that prepared specialist for financial sector was destroyed at the beginning of the war, was destroyed and failed to provide the region with personnel. There was not a single educational establishment for preparing financial specialists. Mass conscription into the army, transfer of employees to defense factories, led to human resource crisis and threat to plans for mobilization of financial means. The author conclude that the way out of crisis situation with regards to shortage of personnel was found within the framework of the system of lectures, seminars and individual traineeship. Intensive work of financial branches and regional authorities allowed overcoming the human resource crisis by 1943, as well as retain financial stability in the region.
Tatarnikova A.I. - Populated localities in Tobolsk Province: administrative and unauthorized ways of formation and peculiarities of development in the late XIX – early XX centuries pp. 17-27

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2019.1.28630

Abstract: The subject of this research is the populated localities in Tobolsk Province formed over the late XIX – early XX centuries by the government authorities or by the initiative of rural population without authorization. The article analyzes the actions of central and local authorities with regards to newly emerged “unplanned” settlements and their further development; gives comparative characteristics to the size of populated localities formed either by the administration or on the authority of peasants; analyzes their economic and sociocultural infrastructure. The article is structure on the bases of the “List of populated localities” of Tobolsk Province of 1868/1869, 1893, 1903, and 1912; reports of economic department of the Administration of Public Property on the unauthorized formation of settlements in Tobolsk Province; materials of the local periodical press pertinent to separate populated localities and their functioning. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that this article is first to reveal and compare the peculiarities of formation and development of settlements that appeared as a result of actions of the local administration or upon the initiative of population. The conclusion is made on the strengthening of administrative control over the newly emerged populated localities, policy tightening with regards to settlements formed without authorization, significant underrun of the latter by the level of social development. The settlements formed upon the initiative of population were characterized by their small size, weak infrastructure, and shorter existence.
Starikov I. - Historical experience of constitutional structuring of the unrecognized state (on the example of the Far Eastern Republic Constitution of 1921) pp. 18-30

DOI:
10.7256/2409-868X.2017.1.17450

Abstract: The subject of this research is the historical experience of constitutional structuring under the conditions of civil war and foreign intervention of the unrecognized state of Far Eastern Republic (1920-1921). The author examines the process of establishment of the state and development of Constituent assembly of the Main Law (Constitution) by the constitutional commission. The article analyzed the impact of Soviet and bourgeois principles upon the content of main provisions of the Far Eastern Republic Constitution of 1921. The system of supreme and local authorities of the Far Eastern Republic, as well as main directions, forms, and methods of their work are being studied. The author notes the consolidation of the new economic policy in the Articles of the Far Eastern Republic Constitution of 1921. The article underlines the absence within the Soviet and modern historical legal scientific literature of the comprehensive research that are able to determine the specificities of the Main Law of the Far Eastern Republic in comparison with the Constitution of the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic of 1918. The conclusion is made that the Far Eastern Republic Constitution of 1921 could become the legal foundation of the future democratic legal state and justly holds a special place in the country’s constitutional history.
Sevostyanova E., Skobina E.A. - Delimitation of the China-Russia border since the XVI century until 1917 pp. 19-31

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2018.5.26151

Abstract: This article examines the key landmarks in delimitation of the China-Russia border since the XVI century until 1917, as well as its peculiarities. Russia and China are the two state that historically never had any serious armed clashes, and most questions regarding delimitation and demarcation were settled peacefully, despite the geopolitical and economic frictions, as well as territorial disputes. Regardless of difficult negotiations and an attempt of unilateral denunciation, both parties searched for a compromise and recognized the line of demarcation. Based on the chronological and problem-historical method, the article analyzes the key landmarks in delimitation and demarcation of the borders. A conclusion is substantiated on the existence of an objective need for factual establishment and legal formalization of the borderline. The legal formalization of the border lagged behind its factual establishment because on one hand, both parties did not have the required resources, while on the other – both empires had the concealed colonization plans. The delimitation took place in the territories that belonged neither to Russian or Chinese empires, but were of same importance for both countries. Their legal status has been changed accordingly. Delimitation not only considered the existing natural barriers – rivers and mountain ridges, but for the first time established the artificially determined landmarks. Legal aspect of agreement execution was improved by establishing jurisdiction for border violators, determining the legal regime of border checking, formalizing the border markers by protocols. The difficulties with the demarcation are already confirmed by the fact that the legal arrangement of 1689 continued into the XXI century.
Azarenko I.S. - Country healthcare system in Kaluga Governorate during the 1864-1871 pp. 24-30

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2019.4.29566

Abstract: The object of this research is the social sphere of the Russian Empire in the late XIX century as a result of implementation of Zemstvo Reform in 1864. The subject of this research is the peculiarities of changes in organization of healthcare system in Kaluga Governorate during the 1864-1871, occurred due to Zemstvo Reform. Based on the studied materials, the author provides data on the situation in medicine prior to the reform of 1864 in the region; as well as analyzes particular examples of such transformations related to implementation of new regulations of Zemstvo Reform in the area of healthcare. The scientific novelty consists in examination of the previously unused archival documents of the State Archive of Kaluga Oblast, which allowed the new factual material on conducting Zemstvo Reform in Kaluga Governorate during the viewing 1864-181 and its implementation in healthcare. It is concluded that even though the Kaluga Governorate provided significant aid in country healthcare and solutions to the number of issues in medicine, they did not have freedom in decision-making and spending for this paramount component of life of the county.
Mikheev M.V. - Problems of the demilitarization of the Urals industry afte rthe Great Patriotic War pp. 25-35

DOI:
10.7256/2409-868X.2016.6.21646

Abstract: The article highlights the problems of reevacuation and the demilitarization of the industrial enterprises of the Urals in the post-war period. The object of research is the post-war recovery and development of the economy in the Soviet Union. The subject of the study is reevacuation and demilitarization measures, which took place in the industrial Urals since 1945. Particular attention is paid to the implications of these processes for the future economic development of the region. To find out their features, along with studies of precursors the author used documents of the central and regional archives.In the study, the author used principles of objectivity, historicist determinism, systematic approach, the method of quantitative data and comparative-historical method.The novelty of the work is proved by entering into a scientific revolution has not previously studied archival documents reflecting how all-union and regional aspects of the post-war demilitarization of the Soviet Union. principles of organization of reconversion at the plant Uralmash described in detail. States the problems of functioning pozdnestalinskoy command economy on the example of the processes of demilitarization and re-evacuation of the Urals. Showing organizational difficulties demilitarization of Soviet industry, the associated loss of income and productivity in the Ural enterprises. It is concluded that maintaining the Urals industrial facilities evacuated here during wartime.
Arkhipova A.I. - Communicative sphere of activity of the governors on the example of Yakutia pp. 25-33

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2021.6.35947

Abstract: The object of this research is the communication means used in administrative activity by the office of the governor of Yakutia. The author examines the communicative sphere of activity of the governor as one of the crucial. The governor is the representative of the interests of federal government, government policy in the region, and informant about its state for the central authorities. To fulfill all the listed functions, the governor must convey various information to his subordinates and the population, as well as acquire information on the entrusted administrative-territorial district. Characteristics is given to the main communication channels of the governors along the lines top-bottom and bottom-top. Special attention is turned to the governor's reports and “congresses of competent persons". The governors of Yakutia have actively used the communicative capabilities of the annual report as the official communication channel with central authorities and the monarch. The example of information potential of such communication means is the development the questions of exile and transformation of the Cossack regiment. The “Congress of Competent Persons" held at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries in Yakutia has become a communicative platform for discussing the relevant for Yakutia problem of land use, as well as an effective instrument for establishing dialogue between the government and local society. The novelty of this research consists in articulation of the problem, and is defined by poor development within the modern historiography of the regional component of communication system of the Russian Empire. Viewing the governor’s power through the prism of communicative space contributes to more profound understanding of the mechanisms of political culture in the Russian Empire.
Dotsenko S.V., Dotsenko A.S. - About the dates of foundation of old-age settlements on the territory of the Maslyaninsky district of the Novosibirsk region pp. 27-40

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2022.9.35926

EDN: TEOBMQ

Abstract: The subject of the study is the dates of the founding of old-age settlements in the Maslyaninsky district of the Novosibirsk region. The goal set by the authors is to clarify the dates of the settlements. The relevance lies in solving the problem of erroneous dating of old-time settlements. The scientific novelty is due to the fact that this topic is poorly studied. There are popular science books, literary collections of local lore, anniversary albums and newspaper publications on the history of the district, but they only give the dates of the founding of settlements without any indication of the source. No special works on the research topic were found. The main methods used in the work are information collection and comparative analysis. The materials of the State Archive of the Altai Territory, the data of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts and the work of Russian scientists were used: D. N. Belikov, Y. S. Bulygin, N. A. Minenko, A. H. Elert. The authors studied the currently known dates of the founding of old-time settlements and determined the causes of their occurrence and spread. Based on archival documents, it was possible to determine the dates of occurrence of a number of settlements. The conclusion reached by the authors is that the settlement of the territory of the modern Maslyaninsky district of the Novosibirsk region begins no earlier than the middle of the XVII century. In the course of the study, it was confirmed that the foundation of a number of settlements belongs to a later period than is commonly believed. It was possible to determine the dates of the foundation of the first settlements. The data obtained will be interesting and useful to museums, libraries, teachers and anyone interested in the history of the development of Siberia.
Ryabova O.V., Efremova M.V., Shimin N.A. - Foreign tourism in the Nizhny Novgorod region in the late 1920s–1930s. pp. 27-35

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2023.8.43717

EDN: WKDYIZ

Abstract: The subject of the study is the formation and development of foreign tourism in the Nizhny Novgorod (Gorky) region in the first decades of Soviet power. The purpose of the paper is to describe the problems faced by the tourism industry in organizing work to attract foreign tourists. With the beginning of the "Stalinist modernization", the flow of foreign tourists is increasing. But the material and technical base of the tourism industry turned out to be completely unprepared for this. There was also a catastrophic lack of trained personnel to work with intourists. To get out of this situation, the government creates the GAO "Intourist", which becomes a monopolist in the organization and reception of foreign tourists. The methodology of the work is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity, as well as a systematic approach that allows a comprehensive examination of the subject under study. The novelty of the scientific work lies in the identification and generalization of historical sources, the involvement in scientific circulation of archival data showing the activities of the Gorky Regional Department in the period under study. The conducted research has shown that the need to open representative offices of GAO "Intourist" abroad, the organization of work with intourists already on the territory of the USSR faced an acute shortage of highly qualified personnel. The solution to this problem was the organization of courses for the training of tour guides with knowledge of foreign languages. Problems with the accommodation of intourists in hotels, poor transport provision were the result of chronic underfunding of the industry. The explanation for this is the need for industrialization in the USSR. Therefore, the tourism industry was provided on a residual basis.
Ulchitckii O.A. - Bolshekaraganskaya Valley – a Proto-Indo-European boundary of ancient civilization pp. 28-38

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2020.2.30112

Abstract: The object of this research is the territory of formation of fortified settlements of the Bronze Age in Southern Ural – Bolshekaraganskaya Valley and adjacent territory within the Chelyabinsk Region. The subject of this research is the territorial-geographic complexes and historical-theoretical approaches towards studying the fortified settlements of ancient Ural in dynamics of their development. The author explores such aspects of the topic, as the formation of the center and core of resettlement of the Bronze Age in the basin of Bolshaya Karaganka River, which joins Ural River in southern part of Chelyabinsk Region, the territory also known as Arkaimskaya Valley. Special attention is given to localization and layer-wise fixation of the fortified settlements, as well as typology of their morphogenesis. Research methodology is built on the theory of historical-architectural comparativism and comparative analysis of patterns of the fortified settlements in their layer wise fixation. The main conclusion is defined by the most comprehensive review of the typology of fortified settlements of South Ural of the Bronze Age. The analysis of planning analogues determined the typological and morphological similarity of the objects, succession of construction traditions in territories with the advanced urban development systems of Middle Asia. The results of analysis provided certain clarifications in determining the unique morphology of the plans of fortified settlements related to multi-functionality of the objects, virtually first known in history at the moment of research, living and industrial fortified structures with the dominant metallurgical function. The research results allow suggesting the origin of Sintashtinsko-Petrovsky city-forming fortification system in compliance with the ancient architectural and urban traditions in Middle Asia at the early development stages of Indo-European states.
Bleikh N.O. - The origins of formation of martial art skills among North Caucasian peoples pp. 29-34

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2018.8.26873

Abstract:   This article considers the specificity of formation of martial art skills among the ethnoses of North Caucasus. Particular attention is given to the history of genesis of mountain peoples, analysis of the external and internal factors of advancement of soldiery among them. It is noted that the origins of warrior skills among the locals, which aroused admiration of the contemporaries, emerged back in the ancient times thanks to the Scythian-Sarmatian-Alanian tribal alliances that developed a strictly outlined system of the military physical upbringing aimed at health strengthening, skills of weapon and horse possession, training of will, character and athletic skills. The article leans on the principles of historicism, objectivity, systematicity, which allows analyzing the events and facts of the past in a certain historical situation in accordance with chronological sequence. A conclusion is made that the ancient history of existence of the North Caucasian peoples deeply intertwined with the military art. It was associated with their nomadic lifestyle, which forced them to either protect or defend. Thus, is affected their mentality and spiritual culture, which up until the XIX century preserved its militarized foundation, permeated with martial spirit and saturated with warrior skills, inherited from the Scythians-Sarmatians-Alanians, the ancestors of the Ossetians.     
Chaplygina D.A. - Demographics of the Sami population of Kolsky Uyezd in the late XVIII century (based on the statistical report of 1764) pp. 29-36

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2021.9.36450

Abstract: The selected topic is at the intersection of such relevant trends of historical science as the history of popular sources, history of demographic processes of the Russian population, and regional history. The appeal to statistical data allows revealing various socioeconomic and demographic indicators, for example: the size and structure of the population, displacement of population, gender and age composition, matrimonial relations, as well as the regional peculiarities of demographic development. The subject of this research is the demographics of the Sami people of Kolksy Uyezd in the late XVIII century. The object of this research is the statistical report of 1764 compiled by order of the governor of Arkhangelsk E. A. Golovtsyn. The history of the Russian North overall and Kolsky Uyezd in particular is studied nonuniformily. The novelty of this article lies in the fact that in the Russian historiography there are no special research dedicated to the demographics of Kolsky Uyezd of that period. The statistical report of 1764 was introduced into the scientific discourse by S. A. Nikonov a short while ago. By giving a more detailed perspective on the subject matter, it draws interest in comparison with other sources used for studying the historical demographics of the region. The following conclusions were made: the main social institutions of the Sami people in the late XVIII century were “pogost” and “vezha”; vezha represented a collective that consisted of four or more families that usually were not blood-related; unlike other sources, statistical report of 1764 has records on the growing male population of the Sami population of Kolsky Uyezd; lineal consanguinity was a prevalent type of family, which included two generations.
Tsenyuga S.N. - Regulatory and legal foundations of the national education in Russia in the post-reform period (1860-1917) pp. 30-39

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2024.2.69782

EDN: SMQJSF

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of identifying regional peculiarities of the integral process of formation of normative-legal support for the activity of national education in post-reform Russia. The aim of the article is to present the results of the study of the relationship between the accumulation of organizational and legal knowledge and the applied experience of the implementation of this process at the national and regional levels. Objectives: to characterize the conditions that influenced the formation of normative-legal support for the activity of national schools as an independent direction of nation-state building in the educational system of post-reform Russia. The research was based on the principle of historicism, methods of analysis and comparison, historical-systemic, sociological methods and the method of content analysis. The analysis of the main normative-legal acts that directly or indirectly influenced the national education development demonstrates a rather high professionalism of the developers of the basic ideas of the national policy, which are characterized by external positive motivation. The authors confirmed the hypothesis of the study that in the period under study the normative and legal foundations for the establishment of the national education in Russia were laid, which played a determining role in the birth and development of educational institutions with a national component in Yenisei province. This historical experience was not wasted, but was taken into account in the next attempt to solve the problems of nation-state building and national education in the first decades of Soviet power, which determined the direction and nature of our further research activities from the position of determining the possibility of its use in modern conditions.
Dementev A.P., Kattsina T.A. - Social policy of the committees of general security and the Soviets in Yeniseisk governorate (March – May 1917) pp. 31-42

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2017.10.24175

Abstract: The current article deals with the measures taken by the committees of general security and the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies in order to improve the living conditions of the citizens of Yeniseisk governorate in March – May 1917. The comparison of revolutionary organizations’ social policies is vital for understanding the causes of institutional shifts, which led to the Soviets getting citizens’ support. While the Soviets took the power in October-November 1917, the committees lost all their democratic potential. This issue has not been properly investigated in the historiography. The current objective research is provided with the help of systematic and comparative-historical approaches. The presented information concerning the social policy is based on the analysis of published and unpublished documents, as well as periodical press data. The analysis shows that the coalition nature of the committees caused the class compromise policy and evasion of discussion of the problems, which could have brought disagreement in the society. The main measures of their social policy were help to amnestied political and criminal exiles and welfare for the soldiers’ families. The committees’ revaluation of goods in the uyezds’ cities was conducted under the control and help of the Soviets. On the other hand, the Soviets, while being under pressure of workers' and soldiers' deputies, concentrated on populist measures, such as 8-hour work day and revaluation of goods in the governorate centre, which guaranteed them public support. The data presented in the paper specifies and extends the scientific knowledge of the organizations’ policy, creates new opportunities for further comparative-historical researches of Siberia.
Starikov I.V. - Orenburg Cossack detachments in battles in Transbaikal territory at the final stage of Civil War (February – November of 1920) pp. 32-42

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2018.5.25313

Abstract:   The subject of this research is the consideration of military operations in Transbaikal territory at the finals stage of Civil War and foreign military intervention (February – November of 1920) with participation of the Orenburg Cossack military detachments. The selected framework allowed conducting a meticulous analysis of events of the past, as well as the entire complex of the major driving forces and factors. Leaning on remembrances of the participants of military operation, archival documents and scientific works, an attempt is made to trace the battle rout of the Orenburg Cossack detachments in Transbaikal, where they arrived in February of 1920 with the remnants of the Admiral Kolchak’s armies. The article explores the reorganization and participation of military units of the Orenburg Cossacks as a part of Far Eastern Army in battles against the People’s Revolutionary Army of the Far Eastern Republic and partisan regiments of the red forces in Transbaikal territory. The scientific novelty lies in generalization of information from the various published and previously unknown sources on the little-studied, but exceptionally dramatic pages of the history of Civil War and foreign military intervention in Transbaikal territory, which is relevant from the perspective of restoring a full picture of the events.  
Yunina E.A. - To the question of use of the photographic materials in reconstruction of everyday life in Western Siberian province of the late XIX – early XX century, based on the example of regional photo collection pp. 32-57

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2018.12.28535

Abstract: The goal of this article is the synoptic characteristic of the photographed visual sources applied in the process of reconstruction of everyday life of the residents of Russian periphery, as well as models of everyday routine of the diverse social, professional and age groups of urban population of the late XIX – early XX century. For detailed and gradual examination of this topic, the range of sources was limited by photo collections of Tobolsk and Tyumen. This article is first to describe and introduce into the scientific discourse of the set of photos of several local collections preserved in the state museums, as well as private and family archives. Methodological foundation contains the principles of historical anthropology and visual history, combined with the micro-historical approach towards exploring the local photo collections of various types. Micro-historical approach is specified by studying the local collections, with application of systemic and structural-functional analysis, comprehensive and descriptive approaches, historical-typological method, as well as paramount in working with photo collections method of museum classification and attribution. The scientific novelty is defined by the use of photo documents as the backbone and independent sources in studying the history of everyday life of Western Siberian cities during the period of rapid growth of photographic industry in Russia, which fell on the turn of the XIX – XX centuries.
Sutyagina O.A. - Size and composition of Siberian merchantry in the early XIX century pp. 32-45

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2020.4.32703

Abstract: The object of this research is the different merchant classes of Siberian cities. The subjects is the size and composition of Siberian merchantry of the early XIX century. The goal of this work consists in tracing the process of establishment of Siberian merchantry in the conditions of economic and estate policy of the empire. The author highlights and analyzes the three stages in the process of formation of Siberian merchantry in the early XIX century, which reflects the socio-legal transformations in functionality of merchantry, as well as the changes in economic life of the Siberian region. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that by generalization of previous experience and attraction of other materials, including archival that have not been considered before by the experts, the author explores the dynamic pattern of size and density of merchantry in the Siberian cities throughout half of a century, as well as traces the influence of various factors upon its formation. The conclusion is made that throughout the period in question the size of merchantry has undergone significant changes associated with the government policy, namely raise of property requirements for enrollment into merchant guilds, tax rates for merchantry, economic development of the region and its separate cities.
P'yankov S.A. - Precious square footage: housing and living conditions of the employees of the Ural Automotive Plant during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) pp. 32-55

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2020.9.33901

Abstract: The subject of this research is the housing and living conditions of the employees of the Ural Automotive Plant named after J. V. Stalin, established during the Great Patriotic War as a result of evacuation of one of the largest enterprises of Soviet automobile industry – Moscow Vehicle Plant named after J. V. Stalin. The article analyzes the process of accommodation of evacuated employees in the Ural rear, as well as describes ways of resolving their housing by the plant. Methodological framework consists of the generally accepted methods of historical science. The descriptive method allowed characterize the living situation of the employees of automotive plant. The historical-genetic method allowed tracing the changes in housing and living conditions of the employees of Ural Automotive Plant during the Great Patriotic War, as well as reconstructing the course of residential construction. The relevance of this work is substantiated by the detailed reconstruction of the mechanisms of functionality of defense economy on the example of a large industrial enterprise. Based on the report documentation and protocols of political party association of the plant, the article demonstrates the process of building factory housing, as well as the course and results of individual residential construction. The article reviews the conditions of living in dormitories. The conducted research explicates that the existing system of government and party administration managed to resolve the problems of evacuation and accommodation of the employees of the vehicle plant; and the active participation of political party association of the factory allowed addressing most urgent issues of the factory employees, and consolidating their efforts for solution of the socially important tasks.
Stepanova I. - Volosts of Belaya in 16th-17th centuries: historical-geographical characteristic of the region on the Western border of The Russian State pp. 32-40

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2023.10.68730

EDN: PUDMJN

Abstract: The article presents the results of a historical and geographical study of the townships of Belaya in the XVI-XVII centuries. The objectives of the study included mapping the Belsky volosts and borders of the Belsky district on a modern geographical basis, studying their transformation in the XVI-XVII centuries. The main sources of the study are the materials of scribal descriptions of the Belsky and adjacent Toropetsky and Rzhevsky counties of the XVI-XVII centuries. The work was carried out using geoinformation technologies. A complete localization of the toponymy of the censuses of the Belsky, Rzhevsky, Toropetsky counties of the XVI-XVII centuries was made, which made it possible to map in detail the volosts of the county and its territory as a whole. Scribal descriptions allowed us to get an idea of the transformation of the territory of the Belsky Uyezd. The idea of the territory of the Belsky volosts in the period after their entry into the Russian state at the beginning of the XVI century was obtained. In the first half of the XVI century, the Toropets volosts of Rozhnya and Bibirevo were transferred to Belaya. In the second half of the 1560s, part of the Belsky Uyezd became part of the Rzhev Volodimerov Uyezd in connection with the formation of oprichnoi land ownership. After the Time of Troubles, the Polish-Russian border was established along the border of Toropetsky, Rzhevsky and Zubtsov counties with Belsky volosts. After the annexation of Belaya to the Russian state and the transfer to Rzheva Volodimerova of the former possession of the Catholic Church in the Zhukopov parish, the Belsky district acquired the outlines preserved in the XVIII century. Part of the territory of the county, as a result of confiscations from the Catholic Church and secular landowners, passed into the category of palace lands. However, the largest share of the territory of the county remained in the possession of the Smolensk and Belsky gentry.
Nevostruev N.A., Lyadova V.V. - Place and role of national relations in the development of Russian civil society in the late XIX – early XXX centuries (on the example of Perm Governorate) pp. 34-44

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2019.8.30420

Abstract: The object of this research is the Russian civil society, while the subject is the national relations in the process of civil development using the example Perm Governorate during the post-reform period. The authors analyze the increased attention of Zemstvo institutions to the living conditions of non-Russian population of the governorate demonstrated by activities in the spheres of education and medical care. The peculiarities of ethnic composition of the governorate, their displacement, level of social and economic development are determined. The main forms and fields of activity of Zemstvo institutions and various organizations pertinent of the development of indigenous peoples are described. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time in Ural historiography national development is viewed in correlation with the key elements of the Russian civil society, which found its reflection in the attempts of solving social issues of a significant portion of population of Perm Governorate. The conducted analysis of the evolution of national relations in the Urals proves that their development becomes an inseparable part of the Russian civil society, and their interaction – a crucial attribute of civilizational transformations in Russia of post-reform period.
Nevostruev N.A., Lyadova V.V. - The role and place of public organizations in establishment and development of the elements of civil society in Russia in late XIX – XX centuries (on the example of Perm Governorate) pp. 34-51

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2020.8.33706

Abstract: This article, based on the new research paradigm of the history of post-reform Russia, gives assessment to the role of public organizations in the course of establishment of civil society as one of the crucial elements of this phenomenon, which is aimed at laying the groundwork for personal development. Perm Governorate became one of the leading centers of civil development; the events held under the full support of Zemstvo institutions and municipality received a nationwide coverage. Using the examples of the work of Ural medical institutions and academic communities, the author reveals the process of their gradual engagement into the civil society system, and elicits their civil potential. Attention is turned to the high level of social coverage of the events held by public organizations, which is associated with the peculiarities of their composition, with the leading role played by democratic elements of the participants. The novelty of this research lies in the fact that this article is first the within Ural historiography to give assessment to the level of effectiveness of the delivered events, as well as determine the peculiarities of participation of Ural intelligentsia in the work of educational and enlightenment societies. Emphasis is made on the common features of public organizations, which allow assessing their work as a manifestation of own social activity, as well as formation of favorable conditions for personal development. The conclusion is substantiation on the significant influence of public organizations and associations on further development of the elements of civil society in Ural, creation of essential prerequisites for social development of the territories, and engagement of active social elements into the system of civil relations.
Chudetñkii A.N. - Sociocultural portrait of the Leningrad member of cooperative (1987-1991) pp. 34-40

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2021.6.35964

Abstract: The subject of this research is the participants of cooperative movement that unfolded in Leningrad in 1987 – 1991. During this period, the country legalized the citizens’ right to establish industrial cooperatives, which de facto have become private enterprises. Leningrad turned into one of the largest centers of cooperative movement in the USSR, and members of the cooperatives – a considerable part of urban society. Attention is given to the situation of cooperatives in Leningrad prior to their transition into the non-state sector of the economy. The author explores such sociocultural characteristics of the cooperative member as the attitude towards socialist system, Soviet regime, experience of party and Komsomol life, work skills, and age characteristics. It is revealed that the majority of participants of cooperative movement prior to transition into the non-state sector of the economy had a stable social status and were loyal to the Soviet system, and many of them held senior positions. Among the members of cooperative were also the members of CPSU and Komsomol activists. Their performance efficiency and high professionalism were often noted by the party and state authorities. This casts doubt on the widespread opinion about the marginal status of the participants of cooperative movement. Moreover, the attempt to attract people not involved in public production was unsuccessful; compared to the working age citizens, householders, pensioners, people with disabilities, and students met in the cooperative community were a rarity. The article relies on the archival documents, newspaper materials, sources of personal origin, as well as the results of interviews conducted by the author with former employees of the cooperative.
Arkhipova A.I. - "To take all possible measures to eradicate the sale of alcoholic beverages among the foreign population..." pp. 34-41

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2022.6.38218

Abstract: The research is based on the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity, the methodological basis is made up of general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, and specially historical: problem-chronological and retrospective. To achieve this goal, a descriptive method was used, which makes it possible to consider the results of the governors' activities. The source base of the research is represented by office documents from the collections of the National Archive of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), legislative acts from the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire, publications of the local periodical "Yakut regional Gazette". In the context of this article, it is important to understand how the local administration saw the solution to the problem and what measures it took. Regulations and announcements of officials and control of their execution are analyzed. The object of the study is the governor as the main administrative person in the region, the subject of the governors' activities aimed at compliance with the legislation of alcohol control in a foreign environment. The purpose of the article is to consider ways to combat the local administration with the spread of alcohol in the region. The governors drew attention to the fact that local peculiarities of the region were not taken into account when solving the issue. In general, the local administration paid great attention to this problem and, within the framework of its official powers, took the necessary measures to solve it. At the same time, they were not effective enough, the geographical factor, among other things, left an imprint on the implementation of control. The novelty lies in the formulation of the problem, and is determined by the lack of elaboration of the problem under consideration on the regional material.
Putilin S.V. - Cognitive values of service population in Western Siberia of the XVII century pp. 35-39

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2018.8.27010

Abstract: The subject of this research is the service population in Western Siberia of the XVII century; the object is their intellectual values, particularly cognitive. The author examines the questions of cognitive attitude towards reality of the service people: language instruments of cognition and consciousness. Special attention is given to the subjective perception of cognitive values, revealing their structure and content, conceptual meaning and interrelation. The definitions of cognitive values from the standpoint of service people – language and knowledge are provided; the peculiarities of interpretation of cognitive values from the perspective of the context of events are described. Among the main conclusions of the conducted research is the understanding of the value of cognition and information for service population as paramount from the perspective of professional activity, variety of cognitive values in form of verbal and written speech, knowledge, mentality and mind in different forms. The author’s contribution lies in the interdisciplinary method of research, historical-anthropological approach to studying service population, implementation of contemporary information technologies and comprehensive analysis of the sourced. The scientific novelty is defined by formulation of practical mechanisms on conceptualization of the socio-psychological phenomena of service people and their intellectual values.
Zlotnikova S.G. - The role of public and private initiatives in the development of public education in Minusinsk District of Yenisei Province in the late XIX – early XX centuries pp. 36-53

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2021.7.34898

Abstract: The subject of this research is public and private initiatives of the population in the development of public education in the Minusinsk District of Yenisei Province in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The goal consists in studying the role of public and private initiatives in the development of public education in the territory of Minusinsk District of Yenisei Province over the period under review. The article employs the cultural-historical and historical-geographical methods; historiographical framework is comprised of the materials of pre-revolutionary periodical press (the newspaper “Eastern Review”), statistical data of Reviews of Yenisei Province, archival documents of the Minusinsk State Archive, and published documentation. Special attention is given to charitable activity of such individuals as I. G. Gusev, V. A. Danilov, F. F. Devyatov, N. M. Martyanov, I. M. Sibiryakov, and others in the sphere of public education. The article reviews the role of the Board of Regents of Minusinsk Women's Professional Gymnasium and Minusinsk Society for the Monitoring of Elementary Education on the issue of literacy of the local population. The conclusion is made that the autonomous socially important activity of the representatives of merchantry and peasantry, as well as nongovernmental organizations, contributed to an increase in the number of schools, improvement of financial situation of educational institutions of Minusinsk District, and attraction competent pedagogues to the Siberian province.
Tesaev Z.A., Suleimanov Z.Z. - On the Issue of the State of the Study of the narrative of Azdi Vazar (1395-1460) pp. 36-45

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2022.8.38654

EDN: WAEYGG

Abstract: The article discusses the abstract compiled by the Jordanian military and researcher – Abd-ul-Ghani Hassan al-Shiishani (1924-2001) – to the manuscript of the medieval theologian and preacher Azdi Wazar, kept in the archive of Sheikh Bahal Tolmirzi az-Zandaki (1784-1884). The text of the Arabic-language document was sent in 1990 by letter to the Chechen ethnographer and writer A. S. Suleymanov, stored in the manuscript fund of the museum of the same name. According to the contents of the document, Azdi Vazar (1395-1460) was born in the family of the Tatar officer Vazar Andarbi, studied in the countries of the East and visited Chechnya with a preaching purpose.   The text lists forty-eight sub-ethnonyms, declared as a list of tribes known to Azdi Vazar at the time of his arrival in his homeland. A number of toponyms are given, as well as brief background information on the religious picture and geographical boundaries of the region. The document is being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The article is divided into three parts and represents the history of the document, the comments of the author of the publication regarding certain points from the annotation and the actual text of the translation of the annotation by A.-G. H. Ash-Shiyshani. Some points reflect additional information gleaned from his own (Al-Shiishani) Chechen-language translation of the Arabic annotation.
Pertsev N.V. - Moscow troops campaign to Yugra in 1499 in the context of Moscow State domestic and foreign policy pp. 40-54

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2018.2.25381

Abstract: This article is dedicated to reconstruction of the events of the Moscow troops campaign to Yugra in 1499. Although this military campaign is a generally known fact, there is yet no agreement of opinion on the results of this operation; the questions associated with the purpose of campaign, rout of troops, and their capacity have not been covered by the researchers. The author believe that revelation of these aspects is an essential condition in objective assessment of the indicated event. Examination of the military campaign of 1499 without analyzing the key questions, has led the researchers to some hasty conclusions that do not find endorsement in the sources. Methodology is bases on the methods of scientific synthesis and analysis of the historical sources; particular attention is given to historiography of the problem. The author composed the comparative tables, so the charting of information allowed significantly rectifying the data from the sources and reconstructing the events of the military campaign. A new approach implied the consideration of the military campaign of 1499 in the context of Muscovy’s foreign policy position and implementation of solidification policy in the northeastern periphery. The article also examines the question of building a Russian city of Pustoozersk. Comparing the routs of the Russian troops in 1499 with the famous routs of that time, which lead to the territories of Northern Ural and Western Siberia, allows concluding that the military campaign on Yugorian “princelings” was secondary in relation to the goals of assimilation of the remote territories of Prirechye by the Moscow State.
Chyrgalan S.Y. - The activity of medical expedition of RSFSR National Healthcare Committee in Tuvan People’s Republic during 1928-1933 pp. 40-49

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2018.8.26853

Abstract: The subject of this research is the activity of medical expedition of RSFSR National Healthcare Committee in Tuvan People’s Republic (TPR) during 1928-1933; while the objects is the relationship between USSR and TPR. The author focuses attention on the establishment of relationship between the USSR and TPR by means of dispatching medical personnel to the Tuvan People’s Republic, makes an assumption about the number of expedition participants, as well as characterizes the main results of the activity of the National Healthcare Committee during their stay. The scientific novelty is defined by conclusions built on the basis of the archival materials from the State Archive and sources of the Aldan Maadyr National Museum. The historical-hermeneutic method alongside the historical-comparative method were applied in the course of this work.  The author also analyzes the activity of medical expedition in the context of cultural relationship between the Soviet Union and Tuvan People’s Republic.
Bezai O.V. - Participation of aviation in combating the uprising in Tambov Governorate (January – August 1921) pp. 40-48

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2019.7.30237

Abstract: This article examines the role of aviation of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army in the course of suppression of the Tambov uprising in 1920-1921. The subject of this research is the participation of aircraft of Air Defense Forces in military operations against the peasant rebel. The authors explores such aspects of the topic as the usage of aircraft for aerial reconnaissance, as well as use of military airplanes for destruction of the enemy through ground attacks and bombing. Special attention is turned to the actions of the flight crews aimed at displacement of the rebels from the town of Rasskazovo captured by the detachments of guerilla army of the Tambov region on April 11, 1921. Based on the pilot reports, the author determines the content of military missions, as well as establishes the causes and consequences of emergency landings. The newly introduced into the scientific discourse archival documents allow detecting the character and effectiveness of combat missions, as well as rebels’ response to the actions of “Red” aviation. The conclusion is made that the military aircraft was used for locating and destructing the guerilla forces through bombardment and machine-gun firing. Military pilots collected information on dislocation and size of the rebel forces, as well as dropped propaganda materials over the “rebel” villages. The examined materials demonstrate that the air attacks did not inflict significant damage to the enemy, but rather produced a strong psychological effect on guerillas and local population.
Tatarnikova A.I. - The extremes in the everyday life of the population of Western Siberia during the time of epidemics of the late XIX – early XX centuries pp. 40-54

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2019.9.30475

Abstract:  The object of this research is the population of Western Siberia considering its social diversity (city people, peasants, migrant peasants). The subject of this research is the everyday life of residents of the region in the extreme conditions of mass epidemics that took countless lives. The author characterizes the state of surrounding environment, level of medical development and sanitary-hygiene culture of the population, and determines their effect upon high mortality rate caused by different types of epidemics. Attention is focused on the behavioral practices, survival strategies of various social groups during the time of epidemics, which provoke changes in the everyday, routine life. The study is based on the complex approach with the elements interdisciplinary research allowing to trace the transformation of traditional values and mentality under the influence of extreme conditions of life. The conclusion is made on the impact of extreme conditions of the time of epidemics upon the transformation of everyday behavioral models and pursuit of survival strategies, reflected in the gradual alienation from the irrational ways of fighting infection, turning to official medicine, usage of decontamination means, cleaning of housings and curtilages, due attention to personal hygiene. During the time of epidemics, emotional and behavioral reactions were majorly affected by such factors as the affiliation to a certain social group, level of financial wealth, level of education, individual peculiarities of psyche and perception of illness and death of family members, attitudes on “unresolvable” problems of deviant and delinquent behavior.
Popovich N.D. - The Moscow City Duma and private entrepreneurship at the beginning of the XX century: metro construction projects pp. 40-48

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2024.2.69702

EDN: SRZSHK

Abstract: The object of the study is the Moscow city government and its relations with private entrepreneurship in the pre–revolutionary period. The subject of the study is projects for the construction of the Moscow metro in the early XX century. The study of this issue is important, since modern entrepreneurship and the city authorities will continue to actively cooperate on various issues. In addition, this work allows us to better understand why the construction of the Moscow metro took place only in the 1930s, although the first attempts were made several decades before that. The study pays special attention to the reasons why the City Duma did not want to entrust the construction of the metro to private capital. To determine these reasons, the materials of the fund of the Central State Archive of Moscow – "Moscow City Duma and Council (1870-1917)" were studied. The methodological foundations of the research include the principle of historicism, the principle of objectivity and the principle of consistency. The main methods used in this study include the historical-genetic and retrospective method. The scientific novelty of the study lies in a deeper study of the topic, a detailed study of the materials and the introduction into scientific circulation of a new source – "Verbatim reports on the meetings of the Moscow City Duma for the month of June 1913." According to the conclusions of the study, there were several reasons why the Moscow metro was not built in the pre-revolutionary period. The City Duma did not want to entrust the project to private capital, but was not ready to take on this task because of its high cost. At the same time, members of the city administration were afraid of missing out on potential profits from the future operation of the subway and did not want to share control over such an important transport network. In addition to this, there were concerns among the Duma's vowels that the construction of the metro would have a negative impact on the population of the city, especially in its central part.
Ershov M.F. - “Do not laugh at peas, do not be better than beans”: pedagogical conflicts in Tobolsk governorate in the late XIX – early XX centuries pp. 41-51

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2017.8.22144

Abstract: The subject of this article is the conflict in pedagogical environment of Tobolsk governorate in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The author pursues the goal to determine and classify variants of interpersonal conflict within the provincial society with involvement of teachers. The causes could be different: amoral actions, discontent with the social status and financial situation, gender behavior, political and civil position of the teachers, their attitude towards execution of the professional responsibilities. All of the above resulted in a sequence of conflicts within the pedagogical community. The article applies methodologies used in research of the history of daily life and social psychology, as well as analyzes the untypical behavior and deviant actions. The scientific novelty consists in analyzing the deviant behavior of provincial pedagogues at the simple mundane level. The results of examination of historical sources testify to the fact that productivity of educational system drops due to the interpersonal conflicts, deficit in professional pedagogical personnel, conservative environment, lack of means and excessive paternalistic custody from the side of local society and the state.
Bovaev N.B. - On the Kalmyk cattle census of the late XIX – early XX century: based on the materials of the instructions of the cattle census pp. 41-49

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2023.10.40908

EDN: PVARUQ

Abstract: The subject of the article is the rules of the census of livestock among the Kalmyks of the Astrakhan province, in accordance with the established instructions. The chronological framework covers the late XIX – early XX centuries. The object of the study was the Kalmyk cattle census program. The purpose of the study is to disclose the main provisions of the instructions for the registration of pets on the territory of the Kalmyk steppe, based on previously unused archival materials. The methodology of the work applied the principles of historicism, system analysis of available sources. Of particular value are archival materials from the fund of the Astrakhan Civil Governor's Office, which are currently the only source covering the rules of the Kalmyk cattle census. Earlier, in scientific circles studying regional history, the issue of livestock census was not considered. Usually, in historical science, issues of the general state of cattle breeding and statistical data obtained as a result of the livestock census were touched upon, but the process of the livestock census itself was not studied. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the first description of a detailed algorithm for accounting Kalmyk cattle of the post-reform period. The results of the study, in addition to the introduction of new archival materials into scientific circulation, revealed: the role of each representative of the Kalmyks' social groups in the production of the livestock census, the chronological framework of the census itself and additional conditions for its production.
Ippolitov V.A. - Dekulakization in the Central Black Earth Region at the brink of the 1920’s – 1930’s: the role of Komsomol pp. 42-56

DOI:
10.7256/2409-868X.2016.3.17574

Abstract: This article examines the role of Komsomol organizations in dekulakization of the Russian peasantry in the late 1920’s – early 1930’s.  Mechanism of youth participation in elimination of the kulaks as a social class is being revealed. The author demonstrates the contradictory attitude of the members of Komsomol towards this campaign, as well as examines the causes of attempt on the life of members of Komsomol by peasants. The geographical frameworks of this research contain the territory of Central Black Earth Region of RSFSR. The materials and documents from the State Archive of Sociopolitical History of Tambov Oblast comprised the foundation for this article. Special attention is given to the analysis of documents of the initial Komsomol organizations, which allows the author to determine the peculiarities of their activity and the attitudes of the regular members of the union, as well as to better understand the sociocultural phenomenon of Komsomol.  On the author’s opinion, the significant role of Komsomol in dekulakization is justified by the multiple facts of attempts on life and murders of the Komsomol members, as well as by presence of the big portion of the representatives of the poorest strata of the peasantry. The reputation of Komsomol in the villages was significantly undermined. The terms and the methods of conducting of campaign (later condemned) were dictated to Komsomol by the higher authorities. The active efforts of Komsomol were accompanied by constant threats of being excluded from the union. But majority of the Komsomol members did not support the idea of class warfare and preferred to remain neutral. A small part of the youth had openly protested the anti-peasantry policy of the party.
Tatarnikova A.I., Zagorodnyuk N.I. - The network of settlements in the Kondinskiy district of the Ural region according to the census of 1926 pp. 43-54

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2017.10.24105

Abstract: The subject of this research is the network of settlements of Kondinskiy district of the Tobolsk district of the Urals region. The object is spatial distribution, typology, size and infrastructure of its settlements. Sources for the study of the development of the settlement network of the area were the materials of the Circumpolar census of population of 1926-1927 and lists of localities of the Tobolsk district of the Urals region on October 1, 1926. The analysis of the sources helped to identify the location of settlements relative to water sources. The authors concluded that the settlements were located along rivers at a great distance from each other. The typology of the settlement network was dominated by this type of settlement as "derevnya". The number of "selo" and "vyselok" (the settlement outside the village) is slightly. The settlements outside the village were formed in the course of commercial activities of the population. Settlements in the area were small and amounted, on average, 11 households, 41 person. They had a chaotic structure of buildings, streets and alleys were absent. The social infrastructure of settlements of the area was poorly developed, the village council of Nakhrachi, which was the administrative center of Kondinskiy district, had all the elements of infrastructure (school, medical point, post office, commercial establishments).
Vasil'eva S.I. - Culture of collective farming during the Great Patriotic War (On the materials of autonomous republics of Volga-Vyatka region) pp. 45-57

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2019.8.28916

Abstract: The object of this research is a wide array of problems related to the negative impact of war upon the state of agricultural technology in collective farms in the autonomous republics of Volga-Vyatka Region (Mari, Mordovian and Chuvash ASSR): slowing down the rates of sowing and harvest works, quality deterioration of ploughing and seed material, difficulties associated with timely replenishment of seed reserves,  disregard of the earlier introduced succession cropping, losses in conducting harvest works, etc. The research is based on the extensive use of the methods of comparative analysis, which allow determining and demonstrating the peculiarities of the state of agricultural technology in the three autonomous republics of the Volga-Vyatka Region. The author’s special contribution consists in introduction of the new for the historical science archival materials; detailed examination of the various aspects of the topic that has not been previously studied within the regional historiography; as well as broad applicability of the methods of comparative analysis that allowed revealing the peculiarities in the state of agricultural technology in the autonomous republics of the Volga-Vyatka Region.
Timaralieva A.V. - Collectivization and dekulakization in Chechnya during the 1920s – 1930s pp. 45-54

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2021.8.35343

Abstract: This article examines the system and methods of transformation of agriculture in Chechnya during the 1920s – 1930s, peculiarities of the main reforms – collectivization and dekulakization, as well as confrontation between the government and society in the course of such transformation. The author analyzes the changes in social sphere, namely the status of kulaks; how the compromise between the government and society improved productivity in agricultural sector. The relevance of this topic is substantiated by the current European economic policy towards Russia. The gaps, results, and implications of the Soviet agrarian policy of this period should serve as lesson for Russia in the future. The scientific novelty lies in revealing common features of the current agrarian policy with collectivization, as well as an alternative approach towards the reform. Import substitution is the example of how to achieve top results without implementation of coercive measures. This reform applies not only to agriculture, but also to other industries, however the emphasis is placed on manufacturing of products for the goods exchange within the country. Such necessity was also observed in the Soviet Union. The modern world, prior to introduction of innovations, turns to the experience of the past, analyze negative and positive sides, and then proceeds to the reforms.
Tarasova Y.A., Barabanova N.A. - Authority and labor in province just before the New Economic Policy pp. 46-54

DOI:
10.7256/2409-868X.2017.2.21541

Abstract: This article is dedicated to examination of relation of the Soviet authority towards the working population in provincial city of Volga Region in 1921. Based on the earlier studied documents of Syzran State Archive and materials of the newspaper Syzran Communar for 1921, the authors explore the ways of increasing work discipline, incentives and punishments, as well as strategies of ideological influence used by the government agencies. The peculiarities of the work of provincial concentration camp of compulsory labor are being determined. The authors also examine the relation to peasantry due to transition to the new economic policy. The new earlier unknown archive materials are introduced into the scientific discourse. The authors describe the mechanisms of ideological influence upon the consciousness of working population as well as reveal the specificities of relation of the government to peasantry during the first decades of the New Economic Policy. The conclusion is made that by the end of the Civil War, were developed the main ways of estrangement of labor, which were later used by Stalinist regime.   
Ryabova O.V., Smirnova I.P. - From the history of the development of tourist and excursion business in Nizhny Novgorod in the 1920s. pp. 46-53

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2022.4.37850

Abstract: The subject of the study is the study of the development of tourist and excursion business in the Nizhny Novgorod province in the first decade of Soviet power. The purpose of the work is to analyze trends in the development of tourism, contradictions between commercially oriented tourism and the ideology of Soviet power. The article describes the first tourist and sightseeing routes. A detailed description of long-distance excursions to the resorts of the Crimea and the Caucasus, as well as to the industrial centers of the country is given. The role of trade unions in providing benefits when paying for vouchers is indicated. The methodology of the work is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity, as well as a systematic approach that allows a comprehensive examination of the subject under study. The novelty of the scientific work lies in the identification and generalization of historical sources, the involvement in scientific circulation of archival data showing the activities of the Excursion Bureau of the Nizhny Novgorod Province in the period under study. The conducted research showed that tourist and excursion activities, despite its important role in the ideological propaganda of the Soviet government, were characterized by insufficient funding. Attempts to commercialize this type of activity, to achieve the possibility of making a profit have not been successful. The reason for this was the low incomes of the population (therefore, trade unions had to subsidize tourist trips), and the ideological orientation of this type of activity. Therefore, with the beginning of the "Stalinist modernization" of the country and the end of the NEP, the concept of the so-called "proletarian tourism", with its idea of organizing a voluntary society of amateur tourism, is becoming increasingly popular.
Dary-Surun S.A. - Exploration of Uriankhai Region by the Russian Geographical Society in the late XIX – early XX century pp. 47-52

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2019.3.29332

Abstract: Uriankhai Region is the last of the Russian lands that was formally accepted as a protectorate of the Russian Empire in 1914. Although the “Uriankhai Question”, namely the dispute between Russian, China and Mongolia over the territory and richness in natural resources, which emerged earlier, attracting the travelers from other countries, including Russian merchants and the scholars from the Russian Geographical Society. The goal of this article is todetermine the main stages, causes and difficulties of exploration of Uriankhai Region by the Russian Geographical Society, as well as the objectives that required meticulous examination of the historical landmarks via external description and comparison, as well as archeological excavations. This work reveals the questions of Russia-China relations with regards to Tuva; Russian-Tuvan trade and border question; feudal nature of social relations in Tuva; and the goals of the Russian Geographical Society associated with studying the natural and geographical conditions, as well as political situation of Tuva during this period. Since the end of the XIX and until the beginning of the X century, there has been more targeted attention aimed at research of the peoples of Siberia, particularly Tuvans, rather than for the previous 150 years. Since the establishment of the Russian Geographical Society, one of the priority task, besides studying the Siberian ethnic groups, became the exploration of particular Asian countries that were a matter of great practical and scientific interest.
Kozlova S.A., Beshentsev A.N. - Transformation processes of the resettlement of Old Believers of the Western Transbaikal Region (Semeiskie) over the period of XX – XXI centuries pp. 49-56

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2018.6.26372

Abstract: The subject of this research is the transformation processes in resettlements of the Semeiskie Old Believers in the Western Transbaikal Region throughout the XX and XX centuries. The authors examine the population dynamics in the Old Believer settlements of the Western Transbaikal Region. A conducted geographical chart traces the population decline from the rural areas into the district administrative centers. The three time periods are determined: pre-Soviet, Soviet and post-Soviet, marking the historical events that affected the resettlement of the Semeiskie of the indicated region. The authors consider the transformations within the system of resettlement of the Semeiskie, trace the population dynamics among the Old Believers, as well as the development of localities within the limits of the main range of their resettlement. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that this article is first to reveal the discussed topic from the perspective of cartographic analysis. The author observe a high natural population increase in the first half of the XX century, the expansion of Old Believer communities in the poorly inhabited territories. By the end of the XX century, the population sized in the district centers has increased due to the inflow of population from the surrounding rural areas and villages, so the previously inhabited territories have become neglected. At the present time, the demographic development and resettlement of the local Semeiskie communities and Old Believers’ descendants do not differ from the national urbanization trend.
Tatarnikova A.I. - Tomsk Villages in the 1900s-1920s: Dynamics of Population and Size pp. 49-58

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2022.10.38988

EDN: FILKHH

Abstract: The article gives a comparative description of the development of the rural settlement network of the Tomsk county/district in three time slices: for 1904, 1911 and 1926. The object of the study is a network of rural settlements of the named sub–region, the subject is their number, typical structure and size in terms of the number of yards and the number of inhabitants. The author uses historical-comparative, historical-typological and problem methods of research, as well as the method of graphical visualization of the statistical data obtained on the development of the Tomsk settlement network. The influence of political, socio-economic and other factors on the state of the network of rural settlements is traced. On the basis of a comparative analysis of the "Lists of Populated places", which have become the main source for studying rural settlements of the county/district under consideration, the dynamics of their number, number and population are investigated, qualitative changes in the structure of the settlement network are revealed. The conclusion is made about the gradual expansion of the scale of the rural settlement network in the Tomsk subregion, the reduction of the yard and the population of the Tomsk village by 1926, its unbundling. Attention is focused on structural changes in the settlement network caused by the new agrarian and resettlement policy of the state, as well as the economic and socio-cultural modernization of the country and its individual territories.
Bovaev N.B. - The problem of the position of magistrates in the social life of the Kalmyks of the second half of the XIX century pp. 50-58

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2023.10.40937

EDN: QANZWY

Abstract: The object of the research focuses on the formation of the Kalmyks' legal institution during the integration of the Kalmyk ethnos into the Russian Empire. The subject of the article is the most problematic aspects of the situation of magistrates and world congresses of the Kalmyk steppe in the Astrakhan province. The chronological framework of the work covers the second half of the XIX century. The purpose of the study is to analyze the main provisions of the transformation of magistrates' courts in the social environment of the Kalmyks, review the historiographical base on this topic and assess the Kalmyk judicial system of the XIX century in the process of integration of the Kalmyk society of Astrakhan province into the Russian state. The paper uses theoretical research methods, such as system analysis of available sources, deduction and historicism. The research is based on materials from the State Archive of the Astrakhan region and the Russian State Historical Archive. Modern legal science is actively studying the historical experience of the formation and evolution of the Russian multinational state. An important task of scientific knowledge is the study of the genesis of legal institutions in the history of various ethnic groups and ethnic groups, as well as the development of optimal models of their management. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the initial study of the problem of the transformation of magistrates' courts in Kalmykia. The results of the study make a significant contribution to the history of national suburbs, allow us to better understand the importance of reforming management mechanisms in them and emphasize the main features of national legal policy that can be applied in modern social development.
Sartikova E.V. - Institutional registration of Kalmyk regional party organization (1920-1921) pp. 52-64

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2017.8.23437

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the education of Kalmyk regional organization of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) since 1921, when at the first regional constitutive party conference took place its institutional registration. The author sets a goal to demonstrate the evolution of its emergence and development on the background of various historical and political circumstances. It is noted that the creation of party organization has begun after the cessation of civil war on the territory of Kalmyk region. The article examines the results of the first party conference, the key topics of which became the resolution of economic issues and fight against racketeering. The scientific novelty is defined by the fact that the author comprehensively examines the work of the regional organization of Communist Party, its specificity under the particular circumstance by attracting the previously unpublished archive materials. Conclusion is made that the first Kalmyk regional conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) did not just institutionalize the creation of regional party organization, but also contributed into improvement of the party work at the local level. A. Chapchaev has been selected as the Executive Secretary of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks); the structure and objectives of the regional committee of the party have been approved. Based on the conducted analysis, it is underlined that the established party organization from the very beginning “obtained the features of not just political organization, but also governmental with the functions common to the state facilities of executive and oversight character”, which was practically standard for all regions during the Soviet period.
Suprunova E. - Activity of the local self-government aimed at improvement of sanitary and hygienic situation in Vladivostok and Primorskaya Oblast in the conditions of modernization of the early XX century pp. 52-65

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2020.8.33490

Abstract: The subject of this research is the activity of central and, specifically, local authorities aimed at ensuring conditions for public health and well-being in Vladivostok and Primorskaya Oblast in the early XX century. The goal is to determine the key problems pertaining to provision of urban amenities to the city and region, and the measures taken by the authorities to resolve them. Research methodology is based on the analysis of archival documents and a combination of special historical methods, such as problematic-chronological, comparative-historical, and classification. The author also used the materials from Primorsky State Archive, including cases of Vladivostok City Administration, reports of Vladivostok State Duma, and cases of the Military Governor of Primorskaya Oblast. In the conditions of modernization of the early XX century, including Stolypin's resettlement policy, the unpreparedness of suburbs of the Far East to mass population by foreign and Russian citizens became evident due to the absence of basic conditions of urban civilization. The conclusion is made that local authorities, relying on support of the central administration, undertook measures for ensuring favorable living conditions in the region. Leaning on examination of the previously unstudied archival documents, the author concludes on ineffectiveness of measures undertaken by the local authorities. The acquired results of can be applied in the current activity of local authorities, as well as in teaching historical disciplines universities, including such discipline as the History of the Primorsky Krai (in the department of Humanities at Pacific State Medical University). The experience accumulated demonstrates the effective solution for multiple issues.
Ryabova Y.V. - Economic aspects of the effectiveness of forced labor in the Soviet camp system in the first half of the 1950s. (based on the Southern Kuzbass Corrective Labor Camp of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR materials). pp. 52-64

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2024.1.69573

EDN: DJKZKL

Abstract: Using the example of the Corrective Labor Camp of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, some economic aspects of the effectiveness of forced labor in the Soviet camp system in the first half of the 50s are considered. The twentieth century particular attention is paid to the issue of expenses and income of the forced labor camp. Based on archival materials from the current archive of the Main Directorate of the Federal Penitentiary Service for the Kemerovo Region, a list of expenses is given, as well as the amount of money spent by the state on the maintenance of the prison population and the forced labor camp as a whole. Data on the costs required to maintain the camp economy are correlated with the amount of money for which the contingent produced marketable products annually. Information is provided on the amount of financial assistance received by the forced labor camp from the state budget and from the departmental unit under the jurisdiction of which it was located. The novelty of the research lies in the appeal to unpublished archival documents of the current archive of the Main Directorate of the Federal Penitentiary Service for the Kemerovo region and in local history topics that have not received widespread scientific coverage. The author comes to the conclusion that the income received from the labor activities of the prison population not only did not compensate for the costs of servicing the activities of the correctional labor camp, but also significantly exceeded them. Analysis of documentary material clearly showed that the use of forced labor was not cheap for the state, much less free. The state spent significant sums to organize camp production and maintain the prison population. The camp existed thanks to annually received government grants and subsidies.
Tsyretarova B.B. - The problems of elimination of child homelessness and neglect in Buryatia in the 1920s pp. 53-65

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2022.1.34818

Abstract: Homelessness is a long-standing and urgent problem in Russia, which affects the social, moral and cultural aspects of life of the population. The subject of this research is the fight against homelessness and neglect of minors in the 1920s in a particular region. Analysis is conducted on the measures aimed at elimination of child homelessness and neglect in the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The relevance of this research lies in examination of both positive and negative experience in the process of elimination of homelessness, which can be valuable for solution of the socially acute problems of child homelessness and social orphanhood in the current context. The use of descriptive method allowed analyzing the activity of state institutions and public organizations on the creation of conditions for social protection of homeless children. The historical-systemic method formed a holistic picture of countering child homelessness in the 1920s, as well as illustrated the functional interrelation of various organizational forms. The conducted research demonstrates that social aid to children aimed at overcoming and preventing homelessness is characterized by scarcity of financial resources, absence of consistent actions in this sphere, as well as insufficient assistance received from the public and organizations.
Tesaev Z.A. - “Vilayet Chachan” based on the chronicle “History of Giray Khan” (XV century) pp. 53-67

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2021.3.35299

Abstract: The chronicle “History of Giray Khan” is a valuable source on the history of Caucasus of the XV century. The text of the chronicle mentions the vilayet – the administrative divisions of Girim, Charkas, Chachan, Dagestan, Ganja and Shamakhi; the region Chachan alongside other domains is conquered by Giray Khan – the representative of Giray Dynasty and leader of the Circassians. This substantiates the need for studying the text to determine the time of the conquest of Chachan, as well as other areas of the region, which would allow studying the history of the region more thoroughly. Comparative analysis is conducted on the events described in the chronicle and the overall historical picture of this period. The author draws parallel, and in some instances direct identification of the known events and dynasties with the episodes and characters from the chronicle. An attempt is made to dateline all key events associated with the activity of Giray Khan, including the conquest of the Chachan Vilayet. The dates acquired in the course of analysis give a more detailed perspective on the history of Central and Norteast Caucasus, including the Chechen Republic. The historical analysis proves the facts described in the chronicle and reveals the circumstances of the conquest of North Caucasus. There is no sufficient grounds to fully identify Giray Khan with Khan Nur Devlet. However, the image of Giray Khan encapsulated part of the biography of the Crimean khan, and perhaps depicts the story of the son, one of the brothers, or a close relative of Nur Devlet, who became the ruler in Caucasus, and possibly, founded one of the Kumukh Shamkhal dynasties. The Giray Khan’s conquest of the Chachan vilayet the author dates to 1452-1459, with a remark that the entire process has taken place in three or four waves during the last third of the XIV – mid XV century.
Moiseeva L.A. - Subjects of the Russian Far East of the early XXI century: policy of selecting the ways of joint development (from the perspective of modern historical knowledge) pp. 55-69

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2017.10.24109

Abstract: The subject of this research is the ways of internal integration of the nine subjects of the Russian Far East as a factor of implementation of the strategic task of Russia’s integration into the Pacific Rim. The methodological framework applies following principles: historicism – for reconstructing the past, studying the present, and historical vision of the future; objectivity – for the comprehensive “multi-aspect”  consideration of the question after defining of its borders; comparative-historical – for analyzing the historical process in dynamics; alternativeness – for examining the various historical concepts; determinism – for identifying the universal regularities, causative substantiation of all phenomena of the historical paradigm; plausibility – in using diverse types of sources (statistical, written, Internet materials, works of foreign and national authors, etc.) for proposing the author’s concept. The scientific novelty consists in articulation of the topic of research that allowed demonstrating that the rapid escalation of territorial differentiation of the subjects of the Russian Federation in the Far East, weakening of the production ties between them, generated the chain of regional and local crises, which worsened the situation of isolation of the Far East from the more consistently developing central regions. Such negative trends resulted in the increase of threshold indexes leading to disturbance of the political, social, and economic stability that caused a mass outflow of the economically active population from the region. The author believes that the independent achievement by the subjects of Russian Federation of the direct cooperation with business world of the Pacific Rim turn developed into the pillage of natural resources of the Far East. The conceptual conclusion of this research includes the thesis that without the “codevelopment” of the subjects of Russian Far East with the Pacific Rim states (due to a specific geopolitical location of the region) it was impossible to retain the independence of the Pacific suburb of Russia.
Ryabkova O.V. - Deer farming in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug during the Great Patriotic War pp. 55-67

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2018.2.25185

Abstract: The object of this research is the deer farming industry of the Yamalo-Nenets National Okrug, while the subjects of the processes taking place within the industry during the Great Patriotic War. The goal of this work lies in the attempt to describe the processes that took place with regards to deer farming, combining the preceding studies and the most recent data acquired in the course of examining the previously unpublished archival materials preserved in the State Archive of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Methodological foundation includes the historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods, which allow considering the specificities of development of the deer farming industry within the indicated region during the years of Great Patriotic War. The scientific novelty consists in the use of the previously unpublished sources from the archival fund “Yamalo-Nenets District Department of Agriculture of the Executive Committee of the Yamalo-Nenets Council of Workers’ Deputies” of the State Archive of Yamalo-Nenets National Okrug. The aforementioned documents provide the more detailed description of the processes that took place in deer farming of the Yamalo-Nenets National Okrug during the Great Patriotic War, as well as saturate with the additional facts the already existing information on the topic.
Shumkin G.N. - The problem of quality of consumer goods in USSR during the 1955-1975 (on the materials of clothing industry of Krasnodar Krai) pp. 55-70

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2019.9.30640

Abstract:   The object of this research is the fuel and energy base of ferrous metallurgy of Ural in the late XIX – early XX centuries. Leaning on the materials of Compilations of statistical records of mining industry of Russia” for 1882-1911, the article examines the dynamics of consumption of the various types of fuel; determines the total volume of fuel consumption (tonnage-wise of reference fuel) and specific gravity of vegetal fuel (firewood, charcoal) and mineral fuel (bituminous coal, mazut, peat); reveals the portions of fuel consumed by iron plants and other sectors of mining industry of Ural. The records on collecting fuel by the Ural steel companies and its consumption by iron plants are compiled in a table (over 10,300 of reporting units). The acquired results are converted to reference fuel (by caloric coefficients) and subjected to analysis. The scientific novelty consists that the fact that the article is first in historiography to examine the fuel and energy base of ferrous metallurgy of Ural in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The conclusion is made that the  deficit of wood fuel, which has been the major energy resource, led to rationalization of the fuel and energy base. As a result, fuel consumption in semi-integrated steelworks (production of iron, steel, hardware) per production unit has reduced by five times in thirty years.  
Melekhovets V.F. - Industrial and sociocultural activity of the Belarusian Society of the Deaf in 2006–2010 pp. 55-68

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2021.8.34172

Abstract: The object of this research is the activity of the Belarusian Society of the Deaf during 2006–2010. The subject is the structure of the Belarusian Society of the Deaf, its industrial and sociocultural activity in the period under review. The article reflects the consequences of 2008 global financial and economic crisis, which negatively affected the socioeconomic development of the Belarusian Society of the Deaf. The timely adopted measures by the end of 2009 have ceased the crisis processes, which allowed achieving effective results of the five-year plan, delivering success in the economy and sociocultural activity of the Belarusian Society of the Deaf during 2006–2011. The proposals for new revisions of the Law “On Prevention of Disability and Rehabilitation of Persons with Impairments” and the Law “On Social Protection of Persons with Impairments in the Republic of Belarus” (2009) have been implemented; this ensured the support of sign language, right of the persons with impairments to acquire information, and retention of the Article 37 of the Law “On Social Protection of Persons with Impairments in the Republic of Belarus” that renders tax incentives to nongovernmental organization. Triumphant in the history of sports for the hearing impaired people became the performances of the athletes of the Republic of Belarus in the 21st Summer Deaflympic in Taipei. The Belarusian Society of the Deaf actively cooperated with the World Federation of the Deaf in terms of signing the international legal document – the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Impairments”. The author is firs to cover this topic. The novelty consists in filling the gap in historical science, since the national historiography did not reflect this period of activity of the society. The author collected relevant information on the subject matter using the principles of general logical analysis (deduction, induction); descriptive, documental, ideographic methods; situational analysis; and content analysis.
Gergilev D.N. - Structure of the provincial and regional administration in Eastern Siberia from 1822 to 1917: principals of functionality and regional specificities pp. 56-69

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2017.6.22903

Abstract: The object of this research is the administrative policy in remote areas of the Russian Empire. The subject is the structure of the provincial and regional government authorities in the Eastern Siberia from 1822 to 1917. The system of public administration represents a system of local government authorities in the offices of the second degree. The place of the degree in the government hierarchy was between governor-general degree and district degree. The research covers the Yeniseysk and the Irkutsk governorates, Yakutia and Zabaykalsky regions. These parts of the Eastern Siberia are the bright examples of the managerial control. The chronological limits of the research cover the period from 1822 to 1917. The key historical events in the timeline are «Institution for Siberian province management» and regulations of the reform of regional management. The main idea of the reform lies in the principle of common ground for public administration in Siberia. The research sources are the rules of the Russian Empire, archival materials, reference publications and periodical press. Methodological base of the research includes cognition universal method, general and special historical methods, inversion method. The changes in the structure of province and regional government system are demonstrated. The conclusion is made that the local features of the public administration of second degree were the principles of collective nature and scantiness (due to the Councils and Presence at the government institutions); military-administrative features of the governor power; the lack of power of regional authorities, the dependence of regional authorities from province authorities. The research specifies and extends scientific knowledge concerning the administrative policy of the Russian Empire in the Eastern Siberia, creates the additional possibilities for widening historical investigations in study of the policy.
Ershov M.F. - “Helicopter Rhapsody” as a historical-ethnographic source describing life in the North of Tyumen Region pp. 56-67

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2020.9.33859

Abstract: The novel “Helicopter Rhapsody” by L. Babanin describes the daily activities of pilots in the conditions of frontier, on the border of nature and industrial civilization. The subject of this research is the important factors of social psychology of the population of the Far North in the period of oil and gas exploitation. Analysis is conducted on text as a historical-ethnographic source about isolated lifestyle of the population during the exploration of oil and gas deposits in the North of Western Siberia in the late XX – early XXI centuries. Based on information provided in the novel, and attempt is made to reconstruct mentality of the people living in the conditions of Soviet and post-Soviet oil and gas frontier, as well as explicate the specificity of formation of industrial society in the North of Western Siberia. The author's special contribution consists in reliance on the interdisciplinary approach. The novelty is defined by usage of the concepts of frontier, trickstership, and theoretical groundwork in the area of literary studies applicable to the events of the recent past. The acquired results demonstrate that L. Babanin using the imagery means described the breakdown of former cultural regulators, and in many ways, the intuitive, archaic methods of seeking the way out typical to the characters of his novel. The informal functions of tricksters are implicitly present among the social roles. They have, albeit implicitly, in a number of public roles, there are informal functions of the trickster. Study of the novel “Helicopter Rhapsody” proves that the cultural boundaries between profane and sacred components were vague, and former meanings faded away back in the Soviet times. However, the entropy of culture cannot be eternal. It is justifiable to conclude that tricksters in the future may play positive roles for overcoming the national stagnation. This article is valuable for the researchers dealing with frontier and soft scientists studying the culture of Russian province.
Asochakova V.N., Turezhanova S.A. - On prerequisites of the emergence of intelligentsia (XVIII-XIX centuries) pp. 58-64

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2019.11.31100

Abstract: The subject of this research is the lower layer of church intelligentsia – parish clergy. The goal of this article is the characteristics of parish priests as one of the elements of cultural-historical and social prerequisites of the formation of national intelligentsia of Khakassia. The authors analyze the origin, level of education, and quantitative indicators of parish clergy in the Khakass-Minusinsk region during the XVIII-XIX centuries – one of the national regions of Southern Siberia. The research is conducted within the framework of the concept accordant to which the church intelligentsia is divided into three layers: higher (administration), middle (teachers), and lowee (parish). The conclusion is made that parish clergy in the region formed a bit later than in other parts of Siberia. Throughout the entire period, the segment of clergy has reduced despite the growth of Orthodox population. The low level of education, lack of personnel, nepotism and heredity of positions in the XVIII-XIX centuries led to the low level of professional qualification of the clergy. The cultural and historical prerequisites of the emergence of intelligentsia in Khakassia were not fully developed until the end of the XIX century.
Bashirov M.S. - On the History and ethnogenesis of Salatavia and Western Dagestan (Prisulak) societies pp. 58-74

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2021.4.35573

Abstract: This article examines the question of continuous presence of ethnic Chechens in the territory of historical region of Salatavia (the Republic of Dagestan), as well as substantial part of Western Dagestan (Prisulak regions), at the very least since the turn of the XIV – XV centuries and later. The author explores extensive material that is based on the documental, written and ethnographic sources of the XVIII – XXI centuries, as well as toponymy of the designated region – materials on the region of Salatavia, society Koisubu (Hindalal), Didoi (Tsezy), Andia, Gumbet, Ahvakh (Sada-Kilidu), Terek-Sulak interfluve (including Aukh and such centers as Endirey), coastal settlements of Sulak (Chir-Yurtsk), etc.. Based on the aforementioned sources, the author indicates the most considerable role and participation of Chechens in the ethnogenesis of population of these regions and settlements. The article traces the sequence of sources of the XIX – early XX centuries in reflection of ethnic affiliation of the local population and its closeness to the Chechens. Leaning on the data from various sources, the author reveals the Chechen origin of the first rulers of Salatavia from the privileged Sala-Uzdeni social class. The author determines the change in the ethnic balance of the region, which took place under the influence of various factors, including military and political. The conducted analysis  is proven by extensive bibliographical sources that testify to the ethnic commonality of the region throughout the early and late medieval periods. The author notes the migration of ethnic Chechens from Dagestan to Chechnya, perhaps under the pressure of other ethnoses during the XIV – XVI centuries. This process comes to an end by the time of Shamil’s rule. The research presents a fundamentally new perspective upon the ethnogenesis of the societies under review.
Tesaev Z.A. - Epigraphic Monuments of Chechnya (on the Example of Tombstones of the Middle of the 19th – the First Third of the 20th Century) pp. 59-70

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2022.10.39000

EDN: FGUTHN

Abstract: The article considers thirteen memorial gravestone stele-churts as epigraphic sources of Chechnya. The author's task is to introduce these sources into scientific circulation with the subsequent introduction of the revealed information into secondary historical research. The list of works devoted to epigraphic monuments of the Chechen Republic is considered; the weakness of the existing base on the topic under study and the need for a wider study of the surviving objects and their epitaphs are noted. The evolution of the burial culture is briefly noted, which is also expressed by the change of accompanying the deceased with objects of weapons, worship and everyday life to their display on the funeral tombstone. The role of cruciform tombstone in early Muslim single burials is noted according to those monuments that have survived to the 20–21th centuries. Translations of the epitaphs of the considered tombstone are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The results of the work show that Chechen churts (tombstones) are often used not only to depict texts of epitaphs dedicated to the buried, but also to reflect their genealogical tree, social status and memorable events. At this stage of the study, we can only talk about preliminary conclusions, which, however, allow us to conditionally divide the Chechen stelae-churts (in terms of functionality) into tombstones, border, memorial and cult ones. The review also reflects the need for a careful attitude to the cruciform tombstone of Chechnya, which do not always (and not necessarily) indicate the religious affiliation of the buried, although they may reflect the likely continuity and transitional "dual faith" during the period of Islamization of the region.
Bovaev N.B. - On the question of natural duties and the design of tracts in the Social Life of the Inner Horde of the late XIX - early XX century pp. 59-69

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2023.10.41010

EDN: QGKZMR

Abstract: The subject of the study is the system of natural duties among the Kazakh population of the Inner (Bukeevskaya) Horde as part of the Astrakhan province in the period from 1893 to 1909. The object of this study is to analyze the issue of replacing the existing natural duties of the Kazakhs of the Horde with monetary service.The purpose of the study is to reveal the main provisions of the issue of replacing natural duties and designing a system of paths on the territory of the Inner Horde, based on previously unused archival materials. When writing the work, the problem-chronological method and the system analysis of available archival sources were used. Of particular value is the archival material from the fund of the Office of the Astrakhan Civil Governor, which is the only source of data revealing the problems of replacing natural duties among the Kazakhs of the Inner Horde. An important research material was the revision note of State Councilor Kraft, a former official of special assignments at the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Earlier in the scientific circles studying regional history, the issues of the replacement of duties among the Kazakhs did not receive sufficient coverage, since in historical science the issues of the general state of the Internal Horde, statistical information, the state of the economy, social life were touched upon. This study is the first comprehensive study of the problems of replacing natural duties and designing a system of paths among the Kazakhs of the Inner Horde in the post-reform period. It introduces scientific novelty based on the analysis of new archival materials, and also allows us to identify the need to revise and change the existing natural duties, taking into account the principles of justice, the real needs and capabilities of the population of the Inner Horde.
Akberdeeva D.I. - Everyday life of political prisoners of Tobolsk Governorate in the early XX century pp. 61-77

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2019.10.30752

Abstract: The subject of this research is the everyday life of political prisoners of Tobolsk Governorate in the extreme conditions of isolation, including routine and behavioral aspects. Everyday life is characterized with routineness and repetitiveness. In the conditions restriction of practically all spheres of life and total control of prison authorities, the political captives were forced to adjust to the unnatural circumstances and constantly search for the ways of physical and psychical survival. The author examines the following questions: living and sanitary-hygienic conditions of incarceration of political prisoners, daily schedule, arrangement of free time, regime changes affected by various factors, struggle of prisoners against toughening of regime, application of disciplinary sanctions and interpersonal relations among them. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the author is first to characterize the routine of political prisoners of Tobolsk Governorate in the context of extreme conditions of everyday life, which allows to get having a new perspective on the events taking place in the region during the late-imperial period. It is concluded that separate categories of political prisoners had a number of privileges if compared to criminal offenders. The majority of penitentiary facilities of Tobolsk Governorate were characterized by overcrowding and anti-sanitary state of prison wards, insufficient supply of food, clothes and footgear. To a large extent, the conditions depended on country’s domestic political situation, policy of prisoner authorities, peculiarities of adaptation of political prisoners to extreme conditions, and their commitment to achieving goals.
Akberdeeva D.I. - A. N. Ushakov – the deputy of State Duma of the first convocation from Tobolsk Governorate pp. 63-73

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2019.2.28909

Abstract: The object of this research is the persona of A. N. Ushakov – the deputy of State Duma of the first convocation from Tob0lsk Governorate. The subject is his sociopolitical activity in 1906. Currently, there are no publications with sufficient description of his role in the sociopolitical processes unfolded in the governorate and the country during the establishment of the Russian parliamentarism. In order to fill the gaps in the deputy’s biography, the author examines and analyzes the materials from the personal fund preserved in the State Archive of Tobolsk, regional periodicals, and published sources. The methods of biographical analysis allow delving into the most significant events of A. N. Ushakov’s life – arrest, exile to the north of governorate for organizing the congress of peasants of Tobolsk District, election into the 1st State Duma, signing of “Vyborg Manifesto” after the disassembly of State Duma. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that it is the first work in historiography dedicated to A. N. Ushakov. The conclusion is made that the biographical materials of A. N. Ushakov are undeniably relevant for studying the establishment of parliamentarism in Russia, as well as sociopolitical history of the region overall. The revealed sources testify to the fact that with his official and social activity, Ushakov earned respect among his contemporaries who entrusted him with the right to represent Tobolsk Governorate in the 1st State Duma.
Kuz'mina A.V., Komogaev V.S. - The role of large industrial enterprises in the everyday life of Sevastopol in the 1980s (on the example of the Sevastopol instrument-making plant "Parus"). pp. 64-70

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2021.5.35786

Abstract: The subject of the study is the role of large industrial enterprises in the daily life of Sevastopol in the early 1980s on the example of the Sevastopol instrument-making plant "Parus", since 1980 renamed the Sevastopol instrument-making plant named after V.I. Lenin. The authors motivate the choice of this enterprise as an example and object of research by the fact that the plant was one of the most significant enterprises both for Sevastopol and for the entire instrument-making industry of the Soviet Union. Based on archival sources, the authors consider in detail the specific episodes of the plant's activities that influenced the lives of citizens and the appearance of the city. In particular, the article discusses the activities of the plant for the construction and commissioning of residential buildings and infrastructure facilities, the organization of children's leisure. In addition, the authors tell about the activities of the enterprise itself to improve the working conditions of workers, as well as about the work of the Komsomol organization. The authors come to the conclusion that the instrument-making plant "Parus" played a significant role in the life of Sevastopol, especially one of the districts of the city - the Northern side: the enterprise developed and demonstrated success, created new jobs, expanding the range of products, and improved working conditions. Thanks to the plant, new residential buildings (apartment buildings and dormitories), kindergartens, shops, a library, and infrastructure facilities were built. Most of these buildings on the North Side of Sevastopol exist and are still used for their intended purpose. Also, the authors, relying on archival sources and, above all, reports of office documentation, state that much attention was paid to children's leisure, health improvement and education.
Yunina E.A. - Military daily life of 1941-1945 in epistolary documents of the Siberian combatants pp. 65-100

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2019.11.30885

Abstract: Through the analysis of epistolary documents, the author determines the information component of letters and perception of war by the Siberian combatants: weekdays and holidays in the field, adaptation behavioral strategies, emotional state, and transformation of mindset. The work is based on application of the techniques of military psychology, history of everyday life, historical-anthropological approach and text analysis. The sphere of personal human experiences are analyzed in the context of extreme conditions for the first time. The novelty of this work is defined by introducing into the scientific discourse of a complex of epistolary documents from the family archives of Tobolsk residents, which have not been previously subjected to scientific analysis. The specificity of communicative process, generation of information, emotional coloring of epistles directly depended on situational factors and addressing of correspondence; receiving a letter became the key event within the realm of daily life in the front. The attributes of soldierly letters contained consolation of relatives, recommendations on maintaining the household in case of death of the combatants, description of life in the field, recreation culture. In the atmosphere of potential danger to life, took place the process of reassessment of the fundamental human values, formation of views on the nature of war, personal aspects of its perception. These problems were solved based on the level of education, professional and social affiliation, intellectual capabilities of the addressers. The adjustment to military reality was accompanied by the negative form of stress, development of the habit to extreme existence. The form of written communication allowed realizing intra-familial socio-demographic role common to the traditional binary gender system. The distinct peculiarity of Tobolsk soldier consisted in understanding of spiritual connection with birthplace; the sense of compatriotism became much stronger.
Taktasheva F.A. - Demographic factor of integration of the territories of the deported peoples (on the example of the Volga Germans and Kalmyk ASSR) pp. 65-73

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2023.2.37479

EDN: KLLRAG

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of economic and economic strengthening of territories disbanded as a result of ethnic deportations of the Kalmyk ASSR and the ASSR of Volga Germans in the 1940s. Based on the extensive historical literature on the problems of deportations, it is proved that the topic of integration of the territories of deported peoples has been little studied. The author shows the administrative and territorial changes that occurred in the Stalingrad region in connection with the annexation of the districts of the former republics. It is proved that the successful integration of the territories of the former republics into the economy of the Stalingrad region was based on the demographic factor. Based on the documents of the archives, the dynamics of the population, as well as the activities of regional authorities to replenish the human potential of these territories are analyzed. The novelty of the study is determined by the lack of a comprehensive study of the problems of integration of the territories of the Volga and Kalmykia German republics, most of whose population were deported, into the economic system of the Stalingrad region in the 1940s. For the first time, unpublished historical sources are introduced into scientific circulation, including statistical information and documents of the Stalingrad Regional Party Committee. As the main conclusion, it was established that by the beginning of the 1950s, the restoration of the pre-war population level did not occur, as a result of which the territories of the former republics remained economically inefficient.
Ponarin P.V. - County response to famine in 1891-1892 in the Russian Empire (on the example of Tula governorate) pp. 70-81

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2017.6.21145

Abstract: This article summarizes the results within the framework of the project of Russian Humanitarian Scientific Foundation No. 15-01-00026 of 2016 “Crisis in agrarian society in the imperial Russia: famine of 1891-1892 in the Central Black Earth region”. The subject of the research is activity of the county council of Tula governorate over the period of 1891-1892 aimed at ensuring food provision, which the author define as county response to famine among the rural population. Using the published and unpublished sources, the article examines the county council’s initiatives on overcoming the agrarian crisis. The conclusion is made that the work of county councils in the famine of 1891-1892 was rather extensive, but only within the limits of their authority established by the legislation of the Russian Empire. Under the conditions of the existed legislation, the work of county councils was built in the state food policy. Granting of broader authority to the county council could take place only through crucial changes in the Russian legislation, which seemed practically impossible in terms of the conservative stabilization of Alexander III. Thus, the county response to famine of 1891-1892 was reduced mainly to the realization of local measures developed by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and governors.
Dolidovich O.M. - Food supply of mining community of Lensk-Vitim gold-mining districts during the World War I pp. 71-80

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2019.9.30691

Abstract: This article explores the problems of food supply of mining community of Lensk-Vitim gold-mining districts during the World War I, as well as the measures taken by the government to resolve them. The author determines the peculiarities of the delivery of food products established by the beginning of the XX century under the influence of geographical position and transport infrastructure. The article demonstrates the impact of procurement activities of the Lensk gold-mining community upon the local market conjuncture, as well as the emerging difficulties such as shortage of delivery from Irkutsk and speculation of traders. It is noted that the administration of the province strived to maintain same rate of gold extraction and was careful to avoid the reoccurrence of the tragic events of 1912. The conclusion is drawn that the authorities were able to avert interruption in supply of the territories and prevent outrage on the part of workers until 1916. The use of narrative method helped to select and interpret the historical facts of the problem under consideration; historical-genetic method allowed identifying the causes that led to difficulties of food supply of mining community of Lensk-Vitim gold-mining district during the wartime; systemic method played an important role in correlating the regional events with the spread of food crisis in the Irkutsk Province. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that based on the archival and published sources the author is first to conduct special research on food supply of the northern gold-mining territories of Eastern Siberia during the World War I, assess the performance of the provincial government, as well as describe the priorities of economic policy of the imperial government in this remote region.
Aksarin V.V. - Settlements of the Ostyako-Vogulsky National District in the 1930s : Number and Typology. pp. 71-81

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2022.10.39041

EDN: EHSSYN

Abstract: The subject of the study is the settlement network of the Ostyako-Vogul National District of the Omsk region, the object is spatial placement, number, typology, size (by the number of inhabitants) its localities. In addition, the influence of natural-geographical, socio-economic and other conditions for the development of the network of settlements was taken into account. The sources for the study of the settlement network were the documents of the Russian State Archive of Economics (RGAE) introduced into scientific circulation for the first time: materials of the Central Statistical Office under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, lists of populated places indicating the population according to the All-Union Census of 1939 in the Ostyako-Vogul National District. The work used historical-comparative, historical-typological, statistical research methods, as well as methods of graphical representation of the data obtained. Analysis, comparison and critical approach allowed us to consider the process of development of the settlement network in the studied district. Reference to the historical experience of the settlement network of the national district will contribute to the replenishment of data on the history of the regional settlement system. For the first time, a quantitative analysis of the structure of settlements showed the predominance in the typology of the settlement network of yurts, villages, settlements, the presence of a small number of villages. The size of villages of different types in the district is determined. Thus, the number of inhabitants of yurts averaged 35 people, villages – 85, settlements – 482, villages – 892.
Tverdyukova E.D. - Deputy corps of district soviets of Leningrad during the Great Patriotic War: staff composition and activity pp. 72-81

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2021.11.36836

Abstract: The object of this research is the deputy corps of district soviets of Leningrad, while the subject is the quantitative and qualitative changes in its staff composition and activity of the deputies during the Great Patriotic War. Despite the fact that during the wartime, the responsibilities of local self-government were taken on by the executive committees of district soviets, the examination of everyday activity of the deputies is important for understanding the situation in the besieged society. The study relies on the record keeping and statistical materials from the funds of St. Petersburg State Central Archive, many of which have not been previously introduced to the scientific discourse; as well as published sources. For the first time in historiography, analysis is conducted on the staff composition of the deputy corps of district soviets and its changes during the wartime using the quantitative methods. It is established that majority of the deputies had poor economic and administrative experience, as they worked at production sites. After evacuation, conscription into the Red Army, work transfer to other regions, population losses, the number of people’s deputies has decreased by more than 2/3 by the end of the war. However, due to the shortage of qualified personnel, the process of nominating them for the senior positions in the executive branch ramped up. Using the historical-comparative and historical-chronological methods, the author determines the stages in the work of district soviets depending on the flip of events in the city: prior to the winter of 1941, the deputies took active part in the economic and political campaigns; in December 1941 – April 1942, their work virtually ceased; later, their main activity lied in single assignments of the district executive committees. The standing committees, in practice were mostly nominal.
Tinikova E.E. - Age and gender structure of urban population of South Siberia in the middle of the XX – beginning of the XXI century pp. 74-87

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2019.2.29163

Abstract: The subject of this research is the peculiarities of age and gender structure of urban population of South Siberia over the period from 1945 to 2017. Territorial framework include the national republics o Khakassia, Tuva, and Altai; the year 1945 is selected as the chronological boundary as benchmark of a relatively stable period in the Russian history, after the end of the Great Patriotic War. The selection of chronological framework was also affected by the entry of Tuvan Autonomous Oblast into the RSFSR in 1944. The goal of this article lies in examination of the development vectors of age and gender structures of urban population in the indicated republics for the formation of general picture of demographic trajectory of urban population of the region, as well as the prospects for its development in the nearest future. The research is prepared on the basis of statistical data of five All-Union and two Russian censuses, as well as current census registration presented on the official website of the Russian Federal State Statistics Service (http://www.gks.ru). Demographic development of urban population of South Siberia along with its age and gender structure has not been a subject of separate scientific research. Although it is necessary to conduct such analysis for the socioeconomic planning and development of the region, as well as for the regional historical science, because the impact of demographic processes upon the history of particular communities is an old-established fact. The study demonstrated a nonuniform distribution of urban population by age and gender, which significantly affected such demographic processes as birth rate and mortality rate.
Antonov I.V. - About the Time of the Adoption of Islam by the Population of the Southern Ural pp. 74-88

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2022.11.39242

EDN: NCBDNW

Abstract: The object of the study is the adoption of Islam by the population of the Southern Ural. The subject of the study is the question of the time of the adoption of Islam in the territory of modern Bashkortostan – the largest region of the Southern Urals. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the historiography of the issue, the spread of Islam among Bashkirs according to narrative sources – information from foreign travelers and Bashkir legends, archaeological sites with a Muslim funeral rite. In historiography, the question of the time of the adoption of Islam by Bashkirs has been repeatedly revised in the direction of antiquity. Narrative sources link the Islamization of Bashkirs with the activities of missionaries from Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde. In archeology, the spread of Islam on the territory of Bashkortostan is associated with the Chiyalik culture of the XII-XIV centuries. Special attention is paid to the funerary monuments of the nomadic population of steppe origin, dated XIII-XV centuries. Having settled in the land of Bashkirs, the nomads converted to Islam. A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is a comparative analysis of the "pagan" and Muslim burials of the XIII-XV centuries, identified within the republic. A total of 84 burials were recorded. Of these, 31 burials were performed according to the "pagan" rite, dated XIII-XIV centuries., 53 burials were performed according to the Muslim rite, dated XIV-XV centuries. It is concluded that the archaeological data correspond to written sources reporting the adoption of Islam in Bashkiria in the XIV century. The novelty of the study lies in clarifying the dating of the three main stages of Islamization of the region's population. The penetration of Islam into the Bashkir environment occurs in the pre–Mongol period, the spread of Islam – in the Golden Horde period, the establishment of Islam - after the XV century. The process of Islamization ends with the disappearance of the burial burial rite and the transition to the modern Muslim funeral rite. Voluntary entry into Russia guaranteed Bashkirs freedom of religion.
Kalenichenko M.V. - Production of popular science films in Leningrad: late 1940s – 1960s pp. 75-85

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2021.4.35594

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the history of the Soviet popular science cinematography on the example of the Leningrad film studio “Lentekhfilm” / “Lennauchfilm"” during the late 1940s – 1960s.The goal of this work consists in tracing the development and production stages of popular science films at the Leningrad film studio “Lennauchfilm”.  The author sets the following tasks: follow the work of the film studio “Lennauchfilm” based on the archival materials, as well as determine the main plotlines of popular science films of the period under review. The article employs archival documents stored in the fund No. 243 of the St. Petersburg Central State Archive of Literature and Art. Namely, based on the materials of the annual financial and production reports of the film studio, using the quantitative methods, the author carries out the sampling of films that were classified as popular science. The author also applies the problem-chronological method for studying the stages of operation of the film studio. The novelty of this research consists in determination of production volumes of popular science films at a particular film studio, as well as their main themes. As a result, the author highlights six main plotlines: natural sciences, geography of the country, industry and agriculture, education of children and adolescents, history of culture and art, historical-revolutionary. The conclusion is made that the Soviet popular science cinematography was aimed not only at popularization of scientific knowledge (as follows from the definition of the term “popular science film” given in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia), but also performed the important political and civic functions on youth education, distribution of technical knowledge, as well as illustration of the achievements of the Soviet Union in economic and social policy.
Aksarin V.V. - Agrarian reforms in Tobolsk (Tyumen) Governorate during the period of military-communist experiment (1918-1921) pp. 78-91

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2019.10.30644

Abstract: The object of this research is the policy of “war communism” conducted during the escalated military-political crises by the central and local government authorities in Soviet Russia. The subject of this research is the agrarian reforms executed by the Soviet authorities in the territory of Tobolsk (Tyumen) Governorate during the time of Civil War (1918-1921). Leaning on the documentary materials of Tobolsk State Archive, the author meticulously examines such aspects of the topic as the implementation of food policy of requisitioning of agricultural products, creation of Committees of Poor Peasants , and exemption of “excess” from the population. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that based on the newly introduced into the scientific discourse archival materials and a number of other sources, the author analyzes agrarian reforms conducted in Tobolsk (Tyumen) Governorate during the period of military-communist experiment, reflected in the policy of requisitioning of agricultural products, creation of Committees of Poor Peasants  and exemption of agricultural “surplus” from the population.  The author believes that increase of administrative control over requisitioning of agricultural products along with tightening of food policy led to a more severe crisis among rural population of the governorate. In the conditions of socioeconomic and political crisis caused by the Civil War and frequent change power, the measures taken by the local authorities delayed and had certain peculiarities. The conclusion is made on the egregious excesses that carried anti-peasant character and drastic consequences of the reforms for the residents of governorate.
Vasilyeva E. - The milestones of party building of the constitutional democrats of Siberia during the Revolution of 1917 and the Civil War pp. 78-88

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2021.1.32220

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the questions of party building of the constitutional democrats of Siberia during 1917 – 1920, which is one of most tragic periods of the Russian history. Based on the analysis of  published and archival materials and documents of the central and local committees of the People's Freedom Party in Eastern Russia during the Revolution and Civil War, the goal is set to determine the causes and follow the trends of changes in composition of the party, vector and nature of the activity of Siberian cadet groups. The research relies on the fundamental principles of scientific objectivism and historicism, which allows examining the topic in dynamics and in relation to the specific socioeconomic, political, and cultural circumstances that developed during this period. The scientific novelty consists in demonstration of the dynamics and identification of the causes of changes in composition and tactics of the Siberian cadet groups throughout the Revolution of 1917 and the Civil War. Emphasis is placed on the “democratic counter-revolution” and the political regime of A. V. Kolchak. The conclusion is made that the nature of organizational party activity of the Siberian cadets is determined by a range of factors, namely local conditions and events that unfolded in the capital of Russia. A considerable influence was produced by the directives of the Central Committee of the People's Freedom Party, political orientations of the All-Russian National Center, and the experience acquired by the party and its leaders during the Revolution of 1917 and the Civil War.
Tinikova E.E. - Marriage and divorce rates among the population of Southern Siberia in the middle of the XX – beginning of the XXI century pp. 81-92

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2019.9.30599

Abstract: The object of this research is the peculiarities of demographic development of urban population of Southern Siberia over the period from 1945 to 2017. The subject of this research is the marriage and divorce rates as the paramount demographic processes. The territorial framework consists of the republics of Khakassia, Tyva and Altai. The author examines such aspects of the topic as factors that influence these processes and trends of their development, as well as assessment of the regional differences with regards to marriage and divorce among urban population. The analysis is conducted on the absolute number of marriages and divorces. Correlation between the amount of divorces and amount of marriages, total rates of marriage and divorce, matrimonial structure of urban population in accordance with the four All-Union and two All-Russian censuses. The scientific novelty consists in performing systemic analysis of the dynamics of marriage and divorce rates among urban population of Southern Siberia throughout a historical period of more than 70 years. The drawn conclusions demonstrate that the development of such demographic processes as marriage and divorce rates to a great extent are substantiated by the structural factors. The author also notes that considerable differences with regards to these demographic processes are observed between the representatives of various ethnic groups.
Melekhovets V.F. - Belarusian Society of the Deaf in the 1980s pp. 83-93

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2021.3.32599

Abstract: This article describes the process of formation of industrial and sociocultural departments of the Belarusian Society of the Deaf in the 1980s. During this period, the number of its members has decreased. However, the central board of the Belarusian Society of the Deaf set a goal to amplify the number of hearing-impaired persons in the industrial sector by creating conditions for improving socioeconomic level of its members, which expanded the demand for employment in training and production enterprises. The Belarusian Society of the Deaf also focused on the development of group hobby and recreation activities, such as pantomimic art and physical culture. The high performance of this public organization in the 1980s directly depended on the ideological support of the five-year plans, early execution of socialistic obligations and production tasks, which contributed to successful solution of the problems of rehabilitation and social adaptation of the hearing-impaired persons in the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. The article employs the problem-chronological method that allows following the time sequence of events; historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods. The presented materials are based on the sources of the Fund 1112 of the National Archive of the Republic of Belarus, which are introduced into the scientific discourse for the first time, which fills the gap in historical science.
Perviy A.I. - Participation of the labor unions of Volgograd in solution of the housing problem within the framework of the program “Housing-200” during 1985-1991 pp. 85-92

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2018.1.24140

Abstract: The subject of this research is the work of the regional labor unions in solution of the housing problem of Volgograd workers over the period of 1985-1991 within the framework of state program on providing housing to all Soviet citizens. Special attention is given to the contribution of Volgograd labor unions with regards to solution of housing problem of the country. The characteristic is provided to the key methods of implementation of the program “Housing-2000” by the labor unions. The goal of this work consists in giving an idea on the forms and content of the activity of Volgograd labor unions in solution of the regional housing problem during 1985-1991. Thus, the author examines the status of housing problem of the Soviet State and Volgograd Region, analyses the capabilities of the regional labor unions to influence its outcome. In accordance with the principles of historicism used as methodological foundation of this research, the policy of labor unions was viewed in close interrelation with the political and socioeconomic processes that took place in the Soviet State, which allowed demonstrating justification and consistency in activity of the Volgograd labor unions throughout the indicated timeframe. The general scientific method of synthesis helped to acquire the full picture on the Volgograd labor unions as an organization contributing into accommodating the needs of regional population. The relevance of this research is defined by introduction of the new historical sources to the scientific discourse. The conducted analysis will allow assessing the all-union housing situation, considering the solution of housing problem by the labor unions of the Soviet State.
Mezit L.E., Valyunova A.V. - The results of implementation of the program of comprehensive sociocultural development of Krasnoyarsk Krai pp. 89-95

DOI:
10.7256/2409-868X.2016.4.20216

Abstract: The goal of this work is to assess the efficiency of the program-targeted method of administration based on the experience of implementation of the complex program of sociocultural development of Krasnoyarsk Krai during the period of 1980’s. The specificity of the region is substantiated by the fact that the large-scale tasks on its industrial assimilation were performed in the conditions of complete absence of infrastructure, deficit of labor resources, as well as its geographical remoteness from the central authorities. The scientific novelty consists in the following: based on the archive data, the authors attempted to determine the decision-making mechanism along with realization of complex goals pertaining to changes in the working conditions and meeting the cultural demands of the population of the region. The article also analyzes the public initiatives that emerged in the region during the examined period.
Konovalov I.A. - The peculiarities of self-governance in Siberia in the late XVIII century pp. 90-96

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2017.12.22717

Abstract: Based on the previously unknown documents of the archival documentation and pre-revolutionary legislation, this article examines the municipal and peasant self-governance in Siberia in the XVIII century. The growing interest to the history of local self-governance is associated not only with desire of the historians to look more thoroughly into the past, but also strictly practical needs. With reference to the forgotten traditions of public administration, it is important to extensively consider the historical experience that was acquired over the centuries. Special attention is given to the structure and organizational legal questions of the work of local self-governance and its cooperation with the local administrative-police bodies. The author concludes that the bodies of municipal and peasant public administration of Siberia in the XVIII century were incorporated into the system of local branches of government. Competences of the branches of local self-governance were quite limited,  for instance, they had no authority to solve many of the economic issues without sanction of the crown administration. Their effectiveness was reduced due to the extremely undemocratic system of class representation. The main differences between public administration bodies and state government bodies consisted in the forms of their organization, character and conditions of work, subordinate to oversight of the local administrative-police bodies, which at that time, was perceived by the Siberians as the fully justified conditions of their life.
Babich I.L. - Orthodox life of the Moscow Region countrymen of the late XIX – early XX centuries (on the example of parish of the Church of the Life-Giving Spring Icon of the Mother of God in Tsaritsyno) pp. 91-104

DOI:
10.7256/2409-868X.2017.4.22172

Abstract: The subject of this research is the noble, ducal, large industrial and foreign last names, who settled in Tsaritsyno as the countrymen over the period of 1880’s – 1910’s. The objects is the peculiarities of development of the countrymen movement in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The goal of this article is to trace the interconnection between the members of the Orthodox congregation that resided in the large architectural complex of the times of Catherine the Great Tsaritsyno and the process of establishment of the country life around it, using the materials from the Moscow Central State Archive. This article is prepared based on introduction into the scientific discourse of the new archive information, accumulated by the author in the Moscow Central State Archive, which preserved the documents on the history of the Life-Giving Spring Church, and particularly, metrical books of the temple. The author pursued correlation of the data about the countrymen and the congregation, who referred to the church for realization of various Orthodox rituals. The work also applied the materials of a so-called “verbal history” – the interview with descendants of the priests of the Life-Giving Spring Church in Tsaritsyno. The author is first to examine the intersection of the live of Orthodox parishes and the countrymen movements of the late XIX – early XX centuries from such perspective. This approach allowed determining the interconnection of the organization of suburban settlements in places with the active spiritual life under. The new social slice of the Orthodox congregation, when the single organization united the people of various social classes, gradually led to establishment of the other structures in Russian society. 
Grishin A.V. - Centralization of the library network in the Penza region (second half of the 1970s - early 1980s) pp. 92-99

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2023.11.68789

EDN: YANRJC

Abstract: The subject of the study is the process of centralization of the network of state mass libraries in the Penza region. The research was carried out on the basis of analysis and generalization of documents of the State Archive of the Penza region (the Penza Regional Executive Committee Cultural Management Fund) using the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity and consistency. The author gives a brief overview of domestic (Soviet and post-Soviet) and foreign historiography on the problem of research. Special attention is paid to the preparatory work for the centralization of the library system in the region, in particular, familiarization with this practice in other regions; interaction and support of local Soviet-party bodies; the results obtained from the reorganization of the network. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time a study of the formation of centralized library systems in the Penza region has been undertaken. In the second half of the 1970s, state mass libraries in the region began to unite into a single library structure - a centralized library system that functioned on the basis of a single administrative and methodological manual, a common staff, centralization of the processes of formation and circulation of funds, their profiling and the possibility of mutual use. By centralizing libraries, the authorities hoped to strengthen political propaganda through the book's reading, expand the functions of library institutions in the information and reference field of serving citizens and providing them with more diverse services, eliminate parallelism in their activities, improve the management model and use of allocated funds, promote better implementation and optimization of library processes. The effectiveness of the centralization of libraries decreased from the prevailing attitude at that time that it should be carried out without additional financial investments.
Yunina E.A. - Photographic studio with a female face. The spouses Ussakovsky: marital and creative union in sociocultural space of Tobolsk of the late XIX – min XX century (the experience of historical-cultural analysis and regional biography) pp. 93-158

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2019.12.31893

Abstract: This article presents the results of personification of the evolution of photography in Tobolsk during the late XIX – min XX century, demonstrated on the example of biographies of I. K. Ussakovsky and his spouse M. M. Ussakovskaya – owner of one of the most popular photographic studio in the city. The research methodology leans on the historical-genetic, descriptive-narrative, retrospective and historiographical methods; historical-anthropological and micro-historical approaches, with application of the biographical tools and method of historical reconstruction. On the basis of the newly revealed archival documents and published data alongside the analysis of products and teaser advertising of the studio of M. Ussakovskaya, the author comprehensively reconstructs the family history and professional activity of the spouses Ussakovsky in accordance with the political situation in the country. For 37 years, the studio of M. Ussakovskaya has been one of the leading public-cultural establishments of Tobols in the area of photography services. It was attended mostly by the privileged part of the population. After the change of political regime, the studio quickly enough readjusted to the transformed structure of everyday life of the city. The lead in the mastery of photography in the marital tandem belonged to I. K. Ussakovsky. He was responsible for execution of practical and organizational tasks in the studio, while M. M. Ussakovskaya acted as a competent representative of family business, handled the administrative work and made deals with the authorities.
Borodina E.V. - Regulation and control of duty hours of the record clerks in Russia during 1725-1734 (on the example of Middle Ural) pp. 96-121

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2020.5.31271

Abstract: This article is dedicated to examination of the history of establishment of the institution of duty hours at the time of Russian Empire after the death of Peter the Great. Namely the years of the rule of the first Russian emperor mark the emergence of the paramount of normative legal acts, which determined the fundamentals for regulation of state administration. The subject of this research is the analysis of discipline and control practices of the work of record clerks in the decade after the death of Peter the Great. The goal consists in determination of peculiarities in regulation of duty hours of the clerks during 1725-1734. The method of historiographical analysis allowed examining the internal criticism of the structure and content of legislative acts and documental materials. The author also applied the chronological method, mathematical analysis, and method of comparative-legal studies. The scientific novelty lies in comparison of the legislation and regulation practice of duty hours of the clerks in a particular region of the Russian Empire. Despite the sufficient knowledge on the history of mining administration in the Ural Region, the question of regulation of duty hours of the clerks of Siberian Oberbergamt did not receive due attention on the pages of monographs and articles. The comparison of legislative acts and specificity of orderliness of activity of the clerks of Siberian Oberbergamt and subordinate establishments allowed determining that the regulations on duty hours recorded in General Regulation required constant reinforcement by the local normative acts. Along with the monetary fines set by the Regulation, the record clerks were punished by confinements, demotion to a lower appointment, as well as hitting by cudgels. The increase in document flow created conditions for strengthening control over the work of clerks.
Chernysheva I.I. - Formation of the system of public education of adults in the middle of the 1930's: Russian national context and regional perspective pp. 97-109

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2017.12.22641

Abstract: This article analyzes the formation of the system of public education of adults in Ural in the context of the nationwide modernization process. Basic attention is given to the structural-organizational aspect of the reform of public education of adult population, primarily during the period of 1936-1937, when took place the search for the new structure of secondary education along with the continuous efforts to battle illiteracy. The conditions that affected the establishment the education structure and system of adults are characterized, among which are emphasized the outbreak of famine in 1937 and food shortage that led to decrease of the working students and closing of adult schools. Analysis of the documents from regional archives allowed determining the local specificities of this process in the region that marked the establishment of a powerful industrial facility, population growth, rapid urbanization, as well as critical deficiency of literate people and competent specialists. The conclusion is made that the efforts aimed at achieving mass literacy progressed to a new level and delivered substantial results.
Fedotova D.Y. - The composition and structure of the population of the Tyumen District
based on the materials of the 1926 census
pp. 100-111

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2023.11.68795

EDN: YCUYGP

Abstract: This paper analyzes the socio-demographic processes that occurred in Tyumen Okrug in the first decade of Soviet power, recorded by the materials of the All-Union Population Census of 1926. The object of the study was the population of the Tyumen Okrug. The subject of the study is the composition and structure of the population of the specified district. Census materials provide a representation of the composition of the population, characteristics of the population by age and gender, urbanization processes, and contain data on literacy and the main occupations of citizens. The census results showed that the previous period of revolutionary upheavals and the Civil War led to changes in the population size and socio-professional composition of the population of the Tyumen Okrug. The methodological basis of the study is the principles of historicism, integrity, objectivity, and comprehensiveness. Both general scientific and traditional historical research methods are used: systematic, historical-comparative, problem-historical. In addition to traditional historical methods, the work used the method of statistical analysis, which makes it possible to assess quantitative indicators to identify the level of urbanization of the population and the dynamics of changes in gender, age, social, and professional composition. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that demographic statistics of individual territories make it possible to study the characteristics in the size and social composition of the population, as well as to study their impact on the nature of socio-economic development of both a separate territory and the region as a whole.
Filatova Z.V. - Transformation of the institution of government commissars in the Stavropol Governorate in 1917 pp. 103-115

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2019.6.29943

Abstract: This article is dedicated to examination of the establishment and development of the institution of government commissars after the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution. The relevance of this research lies in the analysis of the core reforms of local governance within the specified period, determination of trends in transformation of the local administrative system, study the reforms of this system in the past, considering the possibility of usage of such experience in modern practice. The author analyses the processes of transformation of power of the instate of government commissars – local governing body of the Provisional Government in the Stavropol Governorate over the period from March to December 1917. All attempts of the government commissioner to conduct socioeconomic reforms in the governorate were rather shallow and did not pertain to the basic political statutes of society, set by autocracy in the past. The application of historical comparative method allows determining the common and peculiar characteristics of the local governing bodies in Stavropol Governorate, as well as pursue correlation between the processes of their transformation during this time. The conclusion is made that the institute of government commissars in its concept remained a brogues authority and represented the interest of the well-off population. This institution neither realized the given administrative opportunities, nor established order in the various spheres of life of the governorate. On the background of disappointment with the work of the institute of government commissars and other bourgeois authorities by the end of 1917, the population of Stavropol Governorate supported the Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies that promoted socially important slogans.
Kleitman A.L. - History of the Lower Volga Region in historiography of the time of Peter the Great pp. 112-128

DOI:
10.7256/2409-868X.2016.5.20687

Abstract: The subject of this research is the historical essays of the early XVIII century, in which along with other issued, were examined the problems of history of the Lower Volga Region (diaries of Peter the Great’s travels, “Short History of the Great Northern War”, “Core of the Russian History”, as well as works of the foreigners who traveled or served in Russia – Bell, Perry, Strahlenberg, de Bruijn). The work defines the circles of the questions on the Lower Volga Region history, which presented the interest for these authors, as well as characterizes their contribution into the study of regional history. The conducted research demonstrated that in the early XVIII century, the issues associated with the history, modern status and prospects of development of the Lower Volga Region were analyzed, as well as materials on this topic were created. These essays differed from the previously existed traditions of description of history in their approaches towards understanding of the past, form, and methods of the work with the source. These compositions comprised the foundation for the main directions of further study of the history of Lower Volga Region during the XVIII-XIX centuries: Examination of events of the regional history in the context of history of the Russian State; Study of the historical problematic within the works dedicated to the comprehensive research of territory of the Russian Empire in geographic, economic, and ethnographic regard.
Gordeeva M. - Execution for debt in the volost courts of Barnaul districts of Tomsk governorate: origin and incidence in the judicial practice (late XIX – early XX centuries) pp. 120-125

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2020.12.34388

Abstract: The subject of this research is the judicial practice of the volost courts of Barnaul district of the Tomsk governorate in the late XIX — early XX centuries. Minute books of the volost courts, which contained records on the claims, testimony of the parties and witnesses, and court decision, served as the main source for this research. Fine and comprehensive record management made allowed applying historical-systemic method, which revealed the mechanism of functionality of the volost courts. The use of content analysis allowed determining the priority of the questions under review, classifying debt enforcement by the types of undischarged obligations, reconstructing the level of legal consciousness of peasants, and assessing the effectiveness of the peasant self-governance. It is established that litigations on obligations default held second place among all cases in the volost courts, which indicates wide applicability of the practice of “seeking truth” not in the rural society, but the official institutions. Based on introduction of new sources into the scientific discourse, the author concludes the spread of debt enforcement is related not only to increase of currency circulation in everyday life of peasants, consolidation of the practice of estimation of things, and getting paid for work, but also with the crisis of trust-based relations within the rural community.
Arkhipova A.I. - Characteristics of the periodical press of Yakut Region as a communication channel for the local administration in the late XIX century pp. 147-156

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2021.12.37034

Abstract: The topic of studying periodical press as a communication channel in the process of regional administration found its reflection in modern historiography. The object of this research is the Russian-language periodical press “Yakut Eparchial Bulletin” and “Yakut Regional Bulletin” issued in the Yakut Region in the late XIX century. The subject of this research is the content of newspaper periodicals, including decrees and circular letters, announcements and orders of the regional administration. The need for the development of information space of the Yakut region contributed to the development of periodical press. The article examines the activity of the local administration – governors A. D. Lokhvitsky, G. F. Chernyaev, V. Z. Kolenko aimed at opening the official periodical in the Yakut Region. The scientific novelty is determined by the poor degree of development of the topic on the material of Yakut periodical press. Analysis is conducted on the content of the formal part of the “Yakut Eparchial Bulletin” and “Yakut Regional Bulletin”. Characteristics is given to the target audience of the newspaper in the first years of its existence. The author resumes that the governors believed that newspaper is the fastest way for distributing information, which could reduce interdepartmental correspondence and improve the functionality of administrative institutions. In the late XIX century, the “Yakut Regional Bulletin” was used by the administration as a means of informing the officials.
Tesaev Z.A. - Current Results of the Survey of Medieval Architectural Objects of the Village of Keshta pp. 149-158

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2022.12.39526

EDN: YAWLFS

Abstract: The object of research in the article is a historical and architectural monument located near the tower village of Keshta in the Zumsoy region (Itum-Kalinsky district of the Chechen Republic), on the edge of the Bavn-Duk ridge, washed on both sides by the Zumsoy-erk and Keshta-erk rivers. According to oral data and the Kitab narrative, the investigated object (the wall) is a remnant of the former barracks complex, destroyed by the Asian conqueror Amir Timur during the campaign against the Simsim ulus (Chechnya) in 1395–1396. We carried out reconnaissance work to identify the existing traces of the foundation and the wall of the desired complex of stone structures using a geodetic device and plotting coordinates on a satellite map; the obtained data was plotted. The towers of the village of Keshta were also investigated, as a result of which it was revealed that some stones used in construction (in particular, fragments of arched window-sill stones) have signs of secondary, moreover, non-targeted use in construction.
Tychinskikh Z.A. - Rural settlements of the Siberian Tatars of the Tobolsk district of the Ural region in the first third of the twentieth century (based on the materials of the All-Union Census of 1926) pp. 155-164

DOI:
10.25136/2409-868X.2023.12.69265

EDN: BWUNJH

Abstract: The subject of the study is a network of rural settlements of Siberian Tatars on the example of the central group – the Tobolo-Irtysh Tatars, which at the time under study was included in the Tobolsk district of the Ural region. The purpose of the study is to characterize the network of rural settlements of the Siberian Tatars based on statistical data from the first third of the twentieth century, the main of which are the All-Union Census of 1926 and lists of settlements of the Tobolsk district. The relevance of the study is determined by the weak knowledge of the problem and the need to create a holistic view of the processes of formation and development of the settlement system in the studied territory. Despite the fact that many researchers have addressed the topic of the settlement network in Western Siberia, the issue of the situation with the settlement system of the Siberian Tatars remains poorly understood. In the course of the study, comparative historical, historical and typological methods, as well as the method of mathematical and statistical analysis were applied. The administrative and territorial changes, the composition and number of Tatar settlements of the district by districts and village councils of the Tobolsk district of the Ural region are considered. It is revealed that the socio-economic and administrative transformations of the Soviet government dramatically affected the situation with the indigenous Tatar population of the district and Western Siberia as a whole. Earlier, based on the materials of the First General Census of 1897, we identified weak rates of entry of the Tatar population of Siberia into the all-Russian socio-economic system. When reviewing statistical materials from the first third of the twentieth century, as well as the reforms carried out by the new government, including the reform of zoning, it was revealed that due to the liquidation of the former estate and volost divisions, there is a significant intensification of the integration of the Tatar population into the new Soviet community.
Esikova M. - Economic and demographic peculiarities of the development of Tambov governorate immediately prior to and at the beginning of the World War II pp. 212-225

DOI:
10.7256/2409-868X.2015.5.16488

Abstract: The subject of this research is the effect of the World War I upon the state of industry and agriculture, as well as the position of the working class and peasants of the Tambov governorate. The author points out that the general level of industrial production of the governorate prior to the war remained low. The majority of the industrial facilities were scatter throughout towns and villages. The Tambov workers were closely connected to land. The pre-war problems of the governorate’s agriculture consisted in the low level of technical equipment, work efficiency and crop capacity; it resulted in the prevalence of the subsistence economy with the improper organization of the territory, forced crop rotations, and the extensive production. Due to the war, industry and agriculture were experiencing the lack of the workforce, which became one of the key causes for the deep disruption in the economy. The author analyses the increase of speculation, and growth of the market prices on bread. It is noted that with the worsening of the economic situation in the country, the government intensified its interference into the economic life; however, it increased the uncontrollability of the economic processes. Scientific novelty consist in the attempt to solve certain issues which currently remain controversial: influence of the World War, mobilization of human and material resources for the army, importance of the government policy with regards to the working class and peasants on the example of Tambov governorate. The author highlights the negative effect of the war upon the functioning of the economy, and agriculture in particular, as well as the intensification of social differentiation and social tension in the village.
Ippolitov V.A. - Regulation of social structure of the Komsomol organization of the Central Black Earth Oblast at the initial stage of thorough collectivization pp. 226-242

DOI:
10.7256/2409-868X.2015.5.17235

Abstract: The author examines the following factors of regulation of social structure of Komsomol in the early 1930’s: collectivization, fight against “centering” of the union, strengthening of the brotherly-proletarian core. In the history of Komsomol of this little-studied period, the author notices a legitimate connection between the policy of the party and the criteria of social selection of those who entered the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League. The author comes to a conclusion that in the early 1930’s that the ideal characteristics of the members of Komsomol were considered proletarian-poor descent, commitment to the “general line of the party”, as well as membership in the collective farm (kolkhoz). The main sources for this article became the unpublished archive materials from the funds of State Archives of Public Political History of Voronezh Oblast and Tambov Oblast. It is demonstrated that the strict regulation of the party’s structure according to the class affiliation negatively affected the quality of the work of Komsomol. The scientific novelty consists in the reframing of the importance of social selection in the youth communist union.
Krasnyakov N.I. - General imperial tendencies and attempts to implement local specificity into administrative-normative system of the XVIII century Siberia pp. 322-361

DOI:
10.7256/2409-868X.2015.6.16182

Abstract: The author examines the reformation of the voivode-mandatory administration of Siberia and focuses his attention on the combination of the defining factors, first and foremost the colonizational character   of the territory, traditionally more expanded competency of the local government officials, conduction of the diplomatic relations with the bordering states, absence of noble landownership, developed self-governance among the migrants, etc. Namely the peculiarities of the region created such regional institutions and centers of power that could put the local society and administration above the supreme authority. The author underlines that the reforms of the early XVIII century in Siberia were conducted considering the specificity of the region, and that resulted in the deviation from the unified governorate administration in the empire.  An example of such deviation from the rational principles of the empire-building became the restoration in the late 1720’s of the Siberian order, but this measure did not pan out, because besides the order, the All-Siberian affairs were under the competency of the Senate, collegiums, Siberian governor, and the specialized financial and departmental metallurgical administration. With regards to Siberia, during the period of 1710-1782, there were “Special orders” for the governors, developed by taking into account the geographical, economic, and socio-political specificity of the region.  
Lidzieva I.V. - Economic activity of the branches of public administration of Kalmyk Steppe in the XIX century pp. 362-392

DOI:
10.7256/2409-868X.2015.6.16055

Abstract: The subject of this article is the examination of the economic activity of self-governance in the Kalmyk Steppe. Based on the archive materials, various “budget” sources that contain data on profits and losses of the branches of public administration were subjected to studying. That allowed figuring out complicated issues of economic development. Based on the results of their analysis, it was determined that budgets of uluses were especially poor. The critical analysis of the sources showed that the forms of financial and primary accounting records for the uluses administrations were standard. The author concludes that despite the limited financial resources, the financial relations provided a relative economic autonomy of the branches of local self-governance in the XIX century Kalmyk Steppe, because namely the local finances best match the needs of the specific territory and contribute into the establishment of the conditions of its functioning.
Bredikhin V.E. - Processing industry in Tambov Oblast during the period of 1941-1945 pp. 393-419

DOI:
10.7256/2409-868X.2015.6.15632

Abstract: Based on the example of functioning of Tambov Oblast processing branches of industry, the author gives evaluation to the efficiency of the planned-centralized economy in the conditions of the wartime. The object of this research is the combination of branches of light and food industries that belong to the industry group B, the strategic importance of which during the wartime consisted in the food and clothes supply of the army and fabric-factory population of the base. A special attention is given to the questions of local subordination as the only source of supply of the local population throughout the war. The authors examines the industrial base potential, difficulties of economic restructuring of the real sector and the ways to overcome them, as well as the results of carrying out the government projected tasks. This article is first to analyze on the example of the materials of Tambov Oblast the effect of the government industrial policy during the period of “socialistic reconstruction of economy” upon the work of the Soviet processing industry under the conditions of the Great Patriotic War. The author makes a conclusion on the complete retargeting of the processing branches towards the supply of the battle needs; their objective incapability to carry out government projected tasks and meet the needs of the local population with the living essentials due to human resources, material-technical, as well as mineral and fuel issues; negative influence upon the industrial indexes in the light and food sectors of the prewar industrial policy of the government aimed at stimulating the heavy industry branches.
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