The role of Thomas Jefferson's political activity in the history of American statehood.

Gogaev Sanal Igorevich ORCID: 0000-0002-8813-4702 Postgraduate student, Department of General History, Archeology and Methodology of Historical Science, Moscow State Regional University 141014, Russia, Moscow region, Mytishchi, Vera Voloshina str., 24 gogaevsanal@icloud.com

                                                                     Introduction. Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) was an outstanding American politician, one of the founding fathers of the United States, author of the Declaration of Independence of the United States, the third president of the United States in 1801-1809.

He made a huge contribution to the foundation of the future USA. The first American president to hold the posts of Secretary of State, Vice President and President of the United States successively. He was one of the first political figures to speak out and justify the idea of separating its North American colonies from England. Having started his political career in 1769 with the election of a deputy of the legislative chamber, he led a determined struggle against English colonial rule. Already at that time, following his ideals, the humanistic ideals of the Enlightenment era, he was the first politician to raise the issue of alleviating the fate of African-American slaves. It was he who was one of the first in Virginia to start forming a militia and was the ideologue of the anti-British members of the Virginia Legislative Chamber. His intelligence and ability to draft timely bills and documents, combined with his entourage, allowed him to become one of America's political leaders. As a deputy of the Second Continental Congress, his merit lies in the drafting and writing of the famous "Declaration of Independence of the United States". This document actually meant the birth of a young American country. And this, perhaps, is the recognition of merit as the founding father of the United States. And his pamphlet "A General View of the Rights of British America" was exactly the document that influenced many decisions of the first Congress. As governor of his home state of Virginia, he made no small effort to organize the defense of the state and establish communication with Congress, which actually ruled the country at that time. And also in addition to this, he was able to provide timely assistance to the American army that was experiencing at that time. As Ambassador in Paris, his activities were aimed at establishing trade and diplomatic relations with European countries and, above all, with France. It was France, according to Jefferson, that could become the main economic partner of the United States by opening its markets. As President, Jefferson did a lot to avoid dragging the United States into European contradictions, but at the same time he managed to use them. Confirmation of this is the Louisiana purchase. Under him, the development of the vast expanses of Louisiana began. The beginning of development can be considered the Lewis and Clark expedition. Another important event was the establishment of diplomatic relations with Russia. The traditional anti-British policy contributed to all this. Jefferson's contribution to all these events was enormous. After all, he was their initiator, organizer, chief ideologist, and of course used all his talent as a statesman in their organization.

Political activity of Thomas Jefferson during the North American Revolution and the period of statehood formation in the USA.In 1775, Thomas Jefferson was elected to the Second Continental Congress in Richmond.

Although military operations were not conducted during this period of time, Jefferson, like other American leaders, understood that patriots could not do without the support of foreign states. In addition, the internal struggle in the colonies has also escalated. The Second Continental Congress, which decided not to go to reconciliation with England, had to state the goals of the reasons for the armed struggle with the mother country. Jefferson was worried about all these issues and he was preparing to find solutions to them. If earlier he advocated granting equal rights to the colonies with England under the rule of the English king, then during the congress this idea turned out to be unworkable. Jefferson was now on the side of the supporters of full separation. In 1776, British troops were sent to America. King George III rejected the petition of the American colonies. Under these conditions, Thomas Jefferson became increasingly convinced of the idea that as long as England dominated the colonies. They cannot solve their economic, social and political problems. And it is the War of independence that can unite American society to solve these problems.

In the conditions of the coming war of independence, the process of radicalization of the colonies accelerated. Jefferson assessed the revolutionary situation in this way. He concluded that of the thirteen colonies, only New York, Delaware, Maryland, South Carolina, New Jersey and Pennsylvania were not yet ready to secede from England. But still these colonies were approaching a break with it. Jefferson was greatly influenced by Thomas Paine's pamphlet "Common Sense", where he argued that the English king and the aristocracy have common interests. And these interests are not compatible with the free development of the American colonies. Therefore, the American colonies should separate from the mother country and establish a republican system by armed means. Soon Jefferson decided to return to Philadelphia with new instructions for the legislative chamber. These instructions stated that the Virginia delegation was to propose declaring the colonies states at the Continental Congress. These circumstances influenced the discussion of the "Resolution of Independence" at the Second Continental Congress, provided by the Virginia delegation.  But some of the delegates were not ready to adopt this resolution. Some delegates from Pennsylvania, New York and South Carolina opposed the resolution. However, the idea of declaring independence was not rejected. By a majority vote, the Congress decided to return to the discussion of this idea on July 1, 1776. It was decided to form a commission to prepare a document on the independence of the colonies. There were five people on the commission, including Thomas Jefferson. It was he who was instructed to write and provide the text of the declaration of independence. This was due to the fact that the other members of the commission did not consider him an opponent of moderate delegates, and also considered Jefferson the most suitable person to write such a document. In 17 days of careful work, the document was prepared. Upon preliminary consideration, the draft document raised objections from Dickinson and Livingston. But two other members of the commission made several amendments to the document and approved it. Thanks to their firm position on the adoption of the declaration. On June 30, 1776, the Commission recommended that Congress adopt the "Declaration of Independence". And finally it was adopted on July 4, 1776. In general, the delegates of the Congress approved the declaration and made only two fundamental amendments to it. The First Amendment mitigated harsh accusations against the English people for their lack of support for the struggle of the colonists. The Second Amendment condemned slavery and the slave trade, and it was expressed in the form of an accusation to King George III. According to this accusation, the king encroached on the rights and freedoms of people belonging to other nations. However, the clause condemning slavery was removed from the declaration in favor of the southern states interested in preserving slavery. The Declaration also left many urgent problems unresolved. The document did not solve such problems of American society, for example, as the social and political disenfranchisement of the majority of Americans, this was due to the property gap between workers and the bourgeoisie and the subordinate position of women. However, it was not these "shortcomings" that determined the meaning of the document compiled by Jefferson. When drafting the Declaration of Independence, he set himself a broader task than simply accusing the English king and parliament of violating the rights of Americans. For him, the War for independence was a war for the creation of a free American state based on the principles of democracy and civil freedom. These principles were expressed by him in the first lines of his declaration. His declaration reflected the ideas of American and European philosophers of the Enlightenment era, which determined the socio-legal position of a person in society. Developing the ideas of equality, the declaration made the people the only source of power. The adoption of these principles meant the rejection of the feudal-absolutist ideological tradition. And the adoption of the declaration meant the formation of a new state-the United States. The Declaration of Independence was an important event in Jefferson's activities. She put him on a par with the great ideologists of the Enlightenment. For Jefferson, writing this document was just the beginning of his long political journey.

Soon, on June 1, 1779, Jefferson became the governor of Virginia, endowed with broad powers. At that time, the War of independence continued, but it went on with varying success. And during this period, there was no suitable candidate for this position except Jefferson. As governor, he wanted to improve the financial situation by selling confiscated loyalist lands and Western free lands. He also planned to increase recruitment to the army and to the Virginia militia, organize the production of weapons and increase the purchase of food for military needs. By this time, military operations were conducted on the territory of Virginia. But the beginning of inflation prevented his plans.  It devalued the value of the lands, and their sale did not justify Jefferson's goals of increasing the state's financial reserve. Then he tried to increase taxes, but it soon became clear that the available money was devalued. Then the governor came to the conclusion that only hard currency can normalize the economic situation of the country and its state. But only a discontinued foreign trade could provide the country with such a currency. Thanks to the British Navy, the overseas ports of Europe were inaccessible to American trade. But Jefferson in such a situation offered a completely different way out of the crisis. The development of his own industry was, by this solution proposed by him. Thus, he managed to achieve success in the development of industry. She was now working for the needs of the army. He managed to establish the production of weapons and create food supplies. They increased due to illegal trade with Bermuda and the mobilization of provisions in the western counties. The governor also ordered the transfer of all vehicles to the army in order to speed up the transportation of goods. However, all these measures did not lead to the liquidation of speculators' activities, even despite the ban on the export of food from the state. It turned out to be impossible to implement this decree because the governor could not control all the Virginia roads. But still, Virginia has become an economic model for other states. The administration of Virginia, with its vast territory and scattered population, was a difficult task, aggravated by the military situation in the country. The weak structural organization of the government was also manifested. The order that had developed in the state itself corresponded to democratic revolutionary principles. But the governor's decisions were valid only after approval by the state Council of the state. However, in wartime, this became a problem. Since there was a confrontation in the council between the forces of conservatives and radicals on each issue raised. And this often delayed or disrupted the implementation of the necessary measures that the governor proposed to the council. In such circumstances, calls were made in the Assembly for the temporary transfer of dictatorial powers to Jefferson. But he strongly rejected it, citing the fact that it contradicts his Republican beliefs. And during this period, the British army approached the borders of Virginia. There was no defense organized in the state, and the coast was defenseless from the British fleet. There were no coastal fortifications, and the militia was not trained and poorly armed. But it was broken up into non-combatant detachments scattered throughout the state, and was not suitable for defense. Jefferson understood the situation that had developed by this time and sent the Virginia militia to help the American army fighting in neighboring states. The help of the Virginia militia did not change the situation so much. It was besieged in Charleston and in 1780 was forced to capitulate to the British. The news of the surrender reached Virginia when Jefferson was re-elected governor for a second term, so the assembly expressed its confidence in him. So, on his initiative, the state capital was moved from Williamsburg to Richmond, which was located in the center of the state. Thus, the influence of large planters on politics was weakened. At the same time, Jefferson, having assumed the post of governor for a second term, demanded an expansion of his powers. The Virginia Assembly was pressured by Commander-in-Chief Washington to make this very important decision. After the capture of South Carolina by the British, Jefferson did not believe that the Americans had lost the war in the south. He set about creating a new southern army. This army, consisting of volunteers, was sent to help the remnants of the American army south to the Carolinas. The notification system created on his initiative. It made it possible to monitor British troops in the south and keep Virginia in touch with the Continental Congress and Washington. On the eve of 1781, the British squadron entered the Chesapeake Bay at Portsmouth, and then entered the mouth of the James River to capture Richmond. Jefferson, being in a difficult situation, proved himself to be a visionary strategist. He organized the defense of the city and evacuated ammunition and food supplies from the city. After that, the British ships defeated the weak Virginia artillery. He ordered the evacuation of the population. And after that, with his squad, he retreated to Manchester. The British, who entered the city, did not have the opportunity to defend it without having security. Nevertheless, they did not expect to meet the Virginia army ready to fight with them. After several skirmishes with the Virginians, the city was abandoned by the British. After the liberation of Richmond, Jefferson was accused by some of the assembly deputies that he did not organize the defense of the city and sent most of the militia out of the state. He did not attach any importance to these accusations. Now he believed that by common efforts it was possible to win the war with England. After the defeat of the British in 1781 at Yorktown, the threat of capturing Virginia was eliminated. And it coincided with the election of the governor. And Jefferson withdrew from public and political life for a while, taking up the restoration of his ruined estate. This continued until 1782, when he received a proposal about the intention of Congress to send him as ambassador to France.

By this time, after the defeat of the British at Yorktown, England's position in America was weakened. The British government, in turn, was ready to negotiate peace with the United States. At the end of 1782, preliminary peace terms were signed in Paris. But this treaty came into force only after the signing between England and France. At that time, important transformations began to be carried out in the USA itself. In 1781, Congress adopted, in fact, the first constitution of the American state - the "Articles of Confederation". And she, in turn, provided that now relations with foreign states are a function of the central department. And individual states cannot establish diplomatic relations with other countries on their own. Jefferson headed the American embassy in Paris in 1785 . The main tasks for him in those years were: to protect the sovereignty of the country, to create better conditions for the development of economic relations and trade. In addition, he considered it necessary to avoid international isolation and strengthen ties in the field of interstate relations. Jefferson, as a diplomat, sought to preserve the alliance with France in order to confront England in Europe. And he also promoted American trade with other European countries. This was achieved by concluding trade agreements with them. Jefferson himself was a supporter of the free trade policy. But the ambassador's activities were limited by the policy of his English Prime Minister, William Pitt. He sought to limit U.S. trade contacts with European countries. At this time, a significant part of American trade was controlled by Britain. Then Jefferson came to the conclusion that only a complete break in trade with England is a way out of the current situation. But before that, it was necessary to find other main trading partners for the country. But a number of European countries, including France, refused to sign trade agreements with the United States. This created a threat of isolation of the country, and then Jefferson proposed in 1785-an exchange of civil rights. This has become an innovation in diplomacy. But at the official level, this proposal was not accepted. Despite this, Jefferson continued his efforts to strengthen relations with France, which could become America's main European trading partner. To do this, it was necessary to convince the French government to lift restrictions on trade with America and open its ports to it for trade. It was also necessary to prove that economic relations with America were important and it would be profitable for French trade. But still, as early as 1784, the French West Indies were opened to American trade. In 1786, Jefferson, with the help of Lafayette, created a special Franco-American committee to expand trade. But the agreements concluded by this committee were not considered by the royal council until 1787. During this period, the main problems for him were the conclusion of a tobacco trade agreement and the issue of relations with North African States. This was until 1789, when he returned from France to the United States. Then Washington, elected president, appointed him US Secretary of State.

The new Secretary of State maintained a position of neutrality in foreign policy. The reason for it was that the United States had borders with the colonial possessions of Spain and Great Britain. The European ally, France, was busy with internal transformations. In addition, France could change its policy in America. Thanks to America's trade agreements with European countries, Americans did not depend economically as before on trade with England.  During the French Revolution, the Secretary of State acted as a supporter of preserving the union with France. All these actions were directed against politicians who considered relations with England. In those years, Alexander Hamilton, the leader of the federalist party, focused on the creation of an industrial country, became his main political opponent. Power was to be concentrated in the hands of the bourgeoisie. But the USA at that time was a more agrarian country. Jefferson believed that the ideas were not entirely acceptable, and therefore led a new political force in opposition to the federalists. This force soon became known as the Republicans. The emergence of both political forces in itself meant the collapse of the democratic radical movement in America. Jefferson by 1793 decided that he had lost the political struggle to his rival Hamilton, as well as disagreements with Washington led to the fact that in 1794 he resigned as Secretary of state.

However, in 1797 he was elected vice president under President John Adams, already as the leader of the Republican Party. His activities in this post were mainly aimed at fighting against the increasing influence of the federalists. In addition, he preferred to see a republic where citizens would be educated. This caused him to have contradictions with the president, Adams, who was more satisfied with the model of an aristocratic republic. From 1798 Jefferson fought against the so-called "repressive laws" until 1800. The fact is that these laws contradicted the principles of the Declaration of Independence. They primarily strengthened the interests of the bourgeoisie, so Jefferson fought for their abolition. And finally, in 1800, preparations for a new presidential election began. By that time, Jefferson's influence and authority as a defender of Republican principles had only increased. Finally, his political opponents suffered another significant defeat in 1801 . Thomas Jefferson was elected President of the United States. The federalists, who aspired to power and relied on promises to the electors, miscalculated from the states.

Political activity of Thomas Jefferson as President of the United States.

The United States entered the XIX century in a tense political situation. At the beginning of the century, it continued between the main political USA- Republicans and federalists. But after the election of Thomas Jefferson as president in 1801, the struggle between Republicans and federalists ended in a Republican victory. The new head of state was faced with the task of solving a number of important state issues. One of these issues was the resettlement policy. According to the census of 1800, the population of the USA was about 5308483 people, which was three times less than that of its former metropolis-Great Britain and five times inferior to the population of France. At the same time, a considerable part of the country's population were African-American slaves who did not have political rights. Slavery was the main force on which the economy of the southern states was based. And yet most of the US population lived on the territory from the Atlantic coast. At the same time, most of the lands lying beyond the Allegheny Mountains remained uninhabited or sparsely populated. But still, at the beginning of the XIX century, in connection with the development, construction of new roads that were laid through the Alleghany Mountains, the development of new lands began. The new western lands inhabited by settlers were convenient both for farming in the north and for cotton farming in the south. The settlers also displaced the Indians from the developed lands. This was also facilitated by the tribal enmity of the Indians themselves. Often, "development" meant the extermination of the Indians who lived in the inhabited territories.                                                                                                            

Another equally important task was the further economic development of the country. The pace of economic development of the states did not slow down even when sending migrants to the West. But the development of intra-economic relations in the country was complicated by the lack of good roads in the country. Trade also depended on the state of the communication routes. The inconvenience of communication routes has essentially led to the political isolation of the states. For this reason, most states at the beginning of the century are relatively independent administrative and political units. The economic growth of the country's development gradually took place. The development and growth of trade in the United States began in such large commercial cities as New York. Shipping and the transportation of West Indian goods to Europe played an important role in trade.

Compared to Europe, the United States at the beginning of the century was an uninhabited country. This circumstance allowed Jefferson to declare in his inaugural address that "American lands are sufficient for the life of our descendants up to the hundredth and thousandth generations." After the revolution, the economic and political obstacles to the capitalist development of the United States were removed. There were a lot of minerals in the country, and emigrants were constantly arriving at US ports hoping to get land and work. When building a new advanced society in the United States, the main problem for its development was the preservation of slavery in the country. Jefferson considered it his goal to create a new progressive, enlightened society from various groups of the country's population supporting the democratic republic.

In his political program, outlined by the President in his inaugural speech, he defined the basic principles of his policy. These principles were as follows regarding foreign policy: neutrality, strengthening trade ties and preserving peace. In domestic policy, the following tasks were defined: support by the federal government of state governments and the separation of powers between them. The new president assumed a relaxation of taxation on the working strata of the population. The new president had his own vision of the state structure. Being a supporter of bourgeois democracy, he aspired to a federal system based not on the power of the oligarchy, but on the basis of internal popular self-government and thereby increasing the social base of state power. Jefferson's inaugural address reflected the politician's belief that if all citizens are equal before the law, a socially prosperous society will be built.

Jefferson then proceeded to implement his political goals. To do this, he needed to form a new government. The Cabinet of Ministers turned out to be monolithic and at the same time none of the ministers began to retreat from the policy pursued by the president. This is due to the personal influence and methods used by Jefferson in solving state issues. The basis of his entourage of the president was his "inner circle". For example, James Madison took the post of Secretary of State. When choosing to be appointed to important government posts, Jefferson took into account talent and abilities and personal trust in a person. The aforementioned Madison himself was a longtime associate and associate of Jefferson. He personally carried out the general management and gradually carried out his policy and tactfully participated in the adoption of laws. The Cabinet of Ministers had common political goals, and therefore had prestige in American society. In addition to Madison, the new president had other people close to him. One of them was the new Finance Minister Gallatin. He attracted Jefferson's attention with his knowledge of finance and financial policy. Henry Dearborn became Secretary of War, but his appointment was explained not only by his talent, but was also a concession to the federalists. The same reasons were given for the appointment of Justice Secretary Levi Lincoln. Jefferson, as president, tried not only to prevent the separatism of ministers, but also presented ministers with broad rights. Jefferson understood the essence of individual problems of ministries and was able to take responsibility for making the most important government decisions. And this allowed him to maintain the unity of the cabinet. He also retained federalist officials in his posts. The reason for such a political step was the president's desire to enlist their support of a part of the federalist party ready to compromise with the Republicans. Another goal was to split the federalists and prevent their party from becoming the main opposition.

To solve the economic and political problems that arose in the states, Jefferson, using the practice of local self-government, tried to attract the states themselves. He considered the decentralization of internal governance to be a necessary measure for the establishment of democracy. He expressed these thoughts in the words: "Our country is too big for the government to handle all its affairs alone. Servants of society who are at a distant distance, without supervision from their constituents, will be unable to govern because of this remoteness and will not pay due attention to everything that is necessary for the fair management of citizens. The same circumstance, which deprives voters of the opportunity to control their elected representatives, pushes the servants of society to corruption, embezzlement and extravagance." As President Jefferson paid more attention to foreign policy than domestic. The most important achievement of the Government's work in domestic policy was ensuring the payment of the national debt. By 1806, state revenues had increased, and this already gave hopes for the payment of state debts that had been there since the revolution. Jefferson sought to use the remaining funds to improve the ways of communication in the country and thereby consolidate the unity of the country. The new government was also faced with solving foreign policy problems. One of the main problems at the beginning of Jefferson's presidency was the problem of ensuring the security of American trade in the Mediterranean. The reason was the threat from the pirates of Tripoli. The US government decided to send a military squadron to the Mediterranean. The Fleet was ordered not to start hostilities. The purpose of this action was an attempt to establish friendly relations with Tripoli, Algeria and Tunisia. But in general, the stabilization of the US foreign policy position was associated with the new international situation. In Europe, military operations ended for a short time, and Great Britain could not pursue an anti-French policy without allies.  Jefferson, for this reason, adopted his new foreign policy course. It consisted in non-interference in European affairs. The measures of this course were the closure of embassies in Prussia, Portugal and the Netherlands. Great Britain was in a difficult situation at that time and it was beneficial to the United States. London, not knowing the exact foreign policy goals of the Jefferson government, took a compliant position towards the United States. To this end, Gibraltar, Malta and Menorca were opened for American trade. As for relations with France, they have become less friendly. Of particular concern were rumors about the secret sale of Louisiana by Spain to France. Soon Jefferson made it clear that the alliance of 1778 with France had lost its strength. This step was caused by two reasons. Firstly, the threat of united European aggression against the United States. Secondly, the American bourgeoisie, which demanded the support of the state, did not want risky foreign policy steps that could damage the country's industry and trade.

In the message of 1801  by the Congress "On the State of the Union", it was concluded that of the "4 pillars of the nation" - agriculture, trade, industry and navigation, that only trade needs state support. At the same time, Jefferson, being a supporter of free trade, believed that the state should support the country's trade, but not interfere in it. To realize these beliefs, he believed that it was necessary to reduce taxes and eliminate public debts. It was debts and taxes that were considered the reason for the lack of the amount necessary for economic growth among the population. This was the reason for the creation of a management system that generated arbitrariness and corruption among officials. A plan was also created to reduce taxes and eliminate public debt. According to the plan, it was supposed to pay off the national debt within 16 years. This was achieved by saving federal spending. But the president could implement his program only with the support of Congress. It was also an impossible task to deprive the government of revenue and create a symbol of national self-government from it.

The most important event in the history of Jefferson's presidency is the Louisiana Purchase. This is an event that led to the doubling of the country's territory. But it also had its own circumstances and consequences. The Spanish colony of Louisiana was a huge and sparsely populated territory. In the USA, they were not afraid to face a weakened Spain. But it was necessary to take into account another circumstance, Spain could fall under the influence of Great Britain, France, and then Louisiana became a springboard for possible aggression against the United States by one of these countries. At the same time, aggression would manifest itself from two sides, both from the Mississippi and from the Atlantic Ocean. The penetration into Louisiana and the seizure of trade routes along the Mississippi were dictated not only by military and strategic goals. But while Louisiana was the possession of Spain, aggression against the United States was only possible, but not real. The economic development of Louisiana by American entrepreneurs was so successful that it caused dissatisfaction with the Spanish government. Under such circumstances, Spain decided to use Louisiana in its European policy. As early as 1796, Spain offered Louisiana to France in exchange for assistance in the return of Gibraltar, which was captured by Great Britain. And yet the threat of a possible alliance between the United States and Great Britain had an impact on the French government regarding Louisiana. In 1800, by a treaty between Spain and France, Louisiana became a French colony again, and the Duke of Parma received the Italian throne. Soon the French government began to plan the seizure of all the Antilles. At the same time, Louisiana became the basis of the future colonial empire of France in America. But these colonial plans of France were prevented by the outbreak of a slave uprising on the island of Haiti.During the uprising in Haiti, the United States observed neutrality beneficial to both France and the rebels. But at the same time, neutrality was used by the United States for its own purposes. Trade was established with both Haitian rebels and the French. In Haiti, the French army was weakened and could not sail to Louisiana. Thus, it was possible to avoid strengthening the French troops in the colony. Jefferson, being a far-sighted politician, offers France to sell Louisiana to the United States. In 1801 Jefferson sends a letter to Napoleon Bonaparte, the then first consul of France, in which he outlines American policy. The essence of the letter was as follows: the letter said that if New Orleans was captured by France, and mainly American trade was going through this city and more than half of the population were Americans. Then in this case, the United States will trade mainly with Great Britain and then conclude an alliance with it against France. It also meant that in the event of a new war in Europe, the United States could invade Louisiana by seizing French fortifications and thus act on the side of Great Britain. And as a result, Louisiana became the subject of negotiations against between the two countries. Livingston, the US ambassador in Paris, suggests a peaceful way to solve the problem - to sell the colony to the states. Napoleon, in preparation for a new war in Europe, sought in any case to prevent the connection of the British and American fleets on the seas and the capture of Louisiana by the British. Initially, Dupont, the mediator of negotiations between Napoleon and the American government, called the price for the colony. And it amounted initially to $6 million and equal trading rights on the Mississippi River for the French and Americans. The French had originally planned to sell only New Orleans and Florida. In 1802, Jefferson sent an experienced diplomat and talented politician James Monroe to Paris for a deal with France, whose goal was to get the consent of the French to sell the whole of Louisiana for $ 10 million. This was due to the fact that Jefferson no longer trusted commercial diplomacy for negotiations. Monroe soon handed DuPont a letter from the president, which showed all the readiness of the Americans in joining Louisiana and the Mississippi River basin to the United States. This was expressed in the following words: "The use of the Mississippi is so necessary that we, in view of the risks to our existence, cannot hesitate for a single moment." In secret, the army began to recruit and it was pulled together by Fort Adams, and the Indians began to be displaced from the American left bank of the Mississippi. This was done in the event of a possible invasion of US troops in Louisiana. But soon it was not these circumstances, but other reasons that forced the French to agree to the American proposal to sell Louisiana. This was explained by the fact that Napoleon did not see the possibility of further keeping this colony under French rule. And in Santo Domingo, the French army suffered huge losses, besides, it was she who had to keep the colony under control. In addition to all this, a new war was brewing in Europe. And on top of everything else, Napoleon needed a French fleet that would allow military expansion in the Mediterranean and the fleet was originally intended for expeditions across the Atlantic. Expansion in the Mediterranean meant for France a new clash with Great Britain over Malta, and therefore the Louisiana issue became secondary. In addition, the French wanted to enlist the support of Americans in North America. This was necessary in order to prevent the influence of Great Britain there. In 1803, Napoleon announced the abandonment of Louisiana and its sale to the United States. Napoleon's agreement surprised the American embassy, and the American ambassadors Livingston and Monroe agreed to conclude a sale agreement for $ 15 million. Thus, the territory of the states doubled from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. At the same time, neither the Americans nor the French knew the borders of the new territories. But the ratification of the treaty with France did not mean the annexation of Louisiana to the United States. It was necessary to explore this huge territory and create a management there. For research purposes, in 1803, the Lewis and Clark expedition was sent to explore the territory of Louisiana and find a way from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. And as a result, Americans hoping to acquire New Orleans, part of Florida and the mouth of the Mississippi received huge land spaces. They were planned to be mastered and populated while displacing or exterminating the Indians to the Rocky Mountains. The acquisition of Louisiana in this way can be called one of the outcomes of President Jefferson's policy.

By 1808, the hostility of Great Britain and France towards the United States had become one of the reasons for establishing diplomatic relations with Russia. By that time, the United States needed international support. In addition, the Russian position was aimed at protecting the rights of neutral countries and promoted Russian-American rapprochement. The political grounds for establishing strong relations between the two countries were different, though. At that time, Russia seemed to the Americans to be their only possible European ally. Both countries sought to prevent the strengthening of Great Britain and pursued an anti-British policy. Personal correspondence between Alexander I and Jefferson preceded the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries. Both Alexander I and Thomas Jefferson came to power in 1801. And Jefferson introduced the tsar to the state system and both in turn discussed the ideas of economic sanctions against England. Thus, friendly relations between the heads of State have developed into relations between their States. In 1803, Consul General Harris arrived in Russia, who was actually the plenipotentiary ambassador to the United States in Russia. In addition, both Russia and the United States had common interests as two neutral countries, since their trade was hindered by the British fleet. In 1808, A.Y. Dashkov was appointed the Russian Consul General in Philadelphia. In the same year, in 1808, William Short was appointed ambassador to Russia, but soon his candidacy was rejected by Congress. And yet, in 1809, Russia and the United States exchanged ambassadors. The American ambassador was named John Quincy Adams. Short's candidacy was rejected by the Senate and this can be explained by the fact that the Senate was dissatisfied with the embargo policy pursued by the president. Count Palen was appointed Russian ambassador to Washington.

Opposition to the embargo act shocked not only the country and the Republican party. This indicated that the Feds were once again gaining weight and political influence in the economically developed Atlantic states. But the Republicans still retained their influence in the country. And this circumstance was able to guarantee them victory in the presidential elections in 1808 . Even under these circumstances, Jefferson announced that he would not run for a third term. Thus, he repeated the act of George Washington, thus creating an American stable political tradition. Secretary of State Madison has been nominated by the Republican Party as a candidate for the presidential election. He won these elections, but at the same time led to a noticeable increase in the opposition. However, despite the growing opposition and the changing views of Jefferson's closest associates, Madison and Gallatin during his presidency. Jefferson was firmly of the opinion that the embargo in trade and economy is necessary for the state. Also remaining a supporter of "trade" diplomacy, he considered it the right international policy for the state. He perceived the repeal of the law on the embargo under Madison as his political defeat and the defeat of his domestic policy. He believed that the repeal of this law meant the choice of a new war with Britain. But anyway, Jefferson made a big mistake as a politician. The embargo law became a political mistake because it did not take into account the realities of the time. And it was he who became the crown of his political activity. Jefferson's political downfall became painful for him, and it in turn reflected on his authority in the country.

   The main results of T. Jefferson's political activity as a deputy of the Legislative Chamber of Virginia became one of the first politicians who raised the issue of alleviating the fate of African-American slaves.  And he was one of the first colonial ideologues who justified the need to separate the "thirteen colonies" from England. And also one of those people who contributed to the formation of the militia. His main merit as a deputy of the II Continental Congress is, first of all, the "Declaration of Independence of the USA" compiled and written by him. This document not only recorded the formation of the USA, but also meant the recognition of T. Jefferson as one of the "founding fathers of the USA". As governor of Virginia during the Revolutionary War, he put a lot of effort into organizing the defense of the state. Not only was he able to organize an effective defense of Virginia, but he was also able to establish communication with Congress, the de facto government of the country. As the American ambassador in Paris, his activities were aimed at establishing trade and diplomatic relations with European countries, primarily with France. So, according to Jeffersson, it was France that was to become the main economic partner of the United States. As President, Jefferson first of all became famous for the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, which testified that the president did not allow the United States to be drawn into European contradictions. But at the same time, the Jefferson government was able to use the contradictions between the leading powers of Europe in its favor.  Also during his presidency, diplomatic relations with Russia were established, the establishment of which was facilitated by the contradictions of Russia and the United States with Great Britain. The significance of T. Jefferson's participation in all these events was great. Since he was actually their initiator, ideologist and organizer. And when organizing political events or events (drafting the "Declaration of Independence", the purchase of Louisiana), he used all his talent as a statesman. 

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