DOI: 10.25136/2644-5514.2017.4.24451

Abstract: All subjective civil rights are susceptible to limitations, especially it is relevant for the institution of “intellectual property”, in which the desire to ensure compromise between the interests of an author (rights holder) and the interests of society, engaged in free access to the results of intellectual work for the purpose of  cultural and technological development, is manifested most vividly. One of the results of balancing the interests within the intellectual property law, have become the constant expansion of various restrictions and limitations, primarily of the property rights of the authors (rights holders). This article discusses the questions of restrictions of the subjective civil rights applicable to exclusive right on the example of issuing a compulsory license. The author reviews the acting legislation of the Russian Federation and foreign countries. The following conclusions were made: all subjective civil rights are susceptible to limitations, which is especially topical for the institution of “intellectual property”; restrictions and limitations of right (free use, exhaustion, compulsory license, and rights of “prior and posterior” use) must be proven and cannot be subjected to extensive interpretation. A national patent law system concerning the granting of compulsory licenses is determined with reference to various objects of exclusive rights. The issue of compulsory licenses is possible in respect to the interests of private entities and public formations, including the purposes of healthcare and health protection that is particularly relevant for the developing countries. The compulsory license in the Institution of Intellectual property has similarities with the servitude as limitation of property rights, and is considered by the author as the limitation, rather than restriction of exclusive right.

DOI: 10.25136/2644-5514.2017.3.24111

Abstract: The countries independently at the national level define the exhaustion regime with reference to the various objects of exclusive rights. Generally, three approaches to the exhaustion principle are being distinguished: national, international and regional. The principle of exhaustion is closely connected with problem of parallel imports (re-importation), when lawfully manufactured goods are imported into the country of origin. The principle of exhaustion is the limitation on the exclusive rights and the opportunities provided by this institution in relation to the subsequent use of intellectual property objects allow considering it as the limitation similar to the “free use” cases. The subject of this research is the exceptions to copyright infringement of the author’s exclusive rights, in particular the principle of exhaustion. This article considers national and international regulatory frameworks and case law. The methodology is determined by the specifics of the chosen subject and includes a set of general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison). The main conclusions consist in the following positions: none of the subjective civil rights can be limitless, especially the one in question is fair for the institution of “intellectual property”; restrictions and encumbrance  (free use, exhaustion of rights, compulsory license, and prior and posterior user right) shall be proved and not subject to extensive interpretation.