Abstract: Trust is currently one of the most demanded topics within the framework of various theoretical approaches. The category of trust becomes more and more relevant in social cognition. The author examines the definition of this category and the social functions assigned to it. Strengthening of interpersonal and institutional trust contributes to consolidation of the Russian society. Assessment of the level of interpersonal and institutional trust in the society is viewed as one of the indicators of studying the current social situation. The article presents the results of sociological research conducted in six border regions of the Russian Federation (Altai Krai, Amur Oblast, Astrakhan Oblast, Volgograd Oblast, Tuva Republic, and Khabarovsk Krai). The total and regional indicators of interpersonal and institutional trust / mistrust are calculated. Leaning on the research results, the author gives general characteristics to the level of trust among the population of border regions of the Russian Federation; as well as in accordance with the assessments of interpersonal trust, determines to which groups and social institutions people have more or less credibility.