DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.6.30905

Abstract: This article is dedicated to studying the impact of the spheres of genetics and genetic engineering and their impact upon the formation of corresponding term system in the modern Russian, English and Spanish languages. In the course of research, the author examines the origin of the key genetic terminological units along with their certain etymological and structural-systemic peculiarities. The article determines and explores the main stages in development of the spheres of genetics and genetic engineering from the perspective of emergence and functionality of the corresponding terminological units, interrelation of genetics with other spheres of human activity. The selection of Russian, English and Spanish terms pertinent to the sphere of genetics and genetic engineering – total of approximately 300 units picked from the books, scientific articles, electronic and printed dictionaries and glossaries, as well as Internet portals on the topic, served as the material for this article. The conclusion is made that the development of term systems of genetics and genetic engineering is inseparable from establishment of the corresponding referential spheres. It is underlined that the genetic terminology in the modern Russian, English and Spanish languages has a significant amount of terminological borrowings from other term systems, particularly biology, medicine, chemistry, physics, and others. Despite this fact and close link of the spheres of genetics and genetic engineering with the aforementioned sciences, the spheres under consideration are independent and sector-specific, functioning within their terminological units.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.6.31590

Abstract: The subject of the research is the study of main derivational models of genetics and genetic engineering terms in the English, Spanish and Russian languages. The object of the study are the terminological units, selected in a total of about six thousand units. In the course of the work, the authors examine in detail the origin of some genetic terms, as well as their key structural and word-formative features. The main frequently and occasionally used models of term formation are revealed. The research methodology includes the methods of continuous selection, of comparative analysis, of reconstruction of the structural-derivational models in the English, Spanish and Russian languages, of component and definitional analysis, of etymological analysis, of quantitative and statistical analysis. The main conclusion of the study consists in the quantitative predominance of multicomponent genetic terms formed by syntactic models. Frequently used syntactic models are represented by various combinations of Nouns, Adjectives and Nouns, with the use of Prepositions, occasionally used models include Participles, Adverbs, etc. Morphological models are represented by suffixation and prefixation. Compounding, abbreviation and conversion are distinguished among the frequently used morphological-syntactic models. The derivational models may coincide or be different in the languages in question. The authors’ special contribution is the identification of these differences based on terminological materials of genetics and genetic engineering.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2018.4.27820

Abstract: The article is devoted to the phenomenon of substitution of terminological units based on the case study of nanotechnological terms in modern English and Spanish languages. The authors have chosen to study this topic as a result of a growing role of nanotechnology and a need in an adequate terminological layer and linguistic research. In the course of their research the authors analyze whether it is possible to present a specialized nanotechnological term both by terminological and common means, i.e. substitute terms in texts and discourses. The research is based on English and Spanish nanotechnological terms (2000 lexical units, 1000 lexical unit per each language). The terms were selected from nanotechnological research articles, journals, books, and Internet resources using the continuous sampling method and so were 1000 discursive fragments where selected terms had been used. The research methodology included the continuous sampling method that was used to select terminological units and discursive fragments, methods of discursive, contextual and content analysis, methods of component and definition analysis that allowed to anayze the phenomenon of the substitution of terminological units in texts and discourses. The authors conclude that in nanotechnology terms are substituted mainly on the terminological basis, i.e. terms are replaced by similar terms with a different morphological-syntactic structure or, more rarely, semantics. Within the framework of the analysis of English and Spanish nanotechnological terms, the authors define particular types of term substitution, formal-semantic and formal, the latter with the prevailing number of structural, morphological-syntactic, syntactic and hyper-hypernomic substitutes. They also define key reasons of the substitution of terms in texts and discourses. 

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2017.4.24388

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of peculiarities of the lexical co-occurrence of classifying terminological elements "nanosize(d)" / "nanoscale(d)" in the modern Russian language. The author of the article considers the functioning of these terminological elements – synonymic adjectives in the Russian-language scientific-technical texts, points out different categories of notions of the corresponding terminological units. Multicomponent nanotechnology terminological units of the total amount of 230 lexical units with the obligatory components-classifying terminological elements in question and chosen by the method of continuous selection from nanotechnology scientific articles, books, Internet sites have served as the material of the research. The methods of the research include the above-mentioned method of continuous selection of terms, methods of discursive, contextual, distributive and content-analysis, method of reconstruction of terminological derivation models, methods of component, etymological and definitional analysis, which allow to study the co-occurrence of terminological units in the text and discourse. The author comes to the conclusion that the terminological elements “nanosize(d)” and “nanoscale(d)” under study are characterized by quite wide co-occurrence. The cases have been revealed when the same main terminological element is used with both classifying terminological elements “nanosize(d)” and “nanoscale(d)” and each one separately. It has been determined that the terminological element "nanosize(d)" is 1,3 times more frequently used than the terminological element "nanosсale(d)" due to its more universal character. The prevailing categories of notions of multicomponent terminological units include nanotechnology processes, nanotechnology mechanisms, nanotechnology substances, nanotechnology ideal phenomena.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2016.4.20476

Abstract: The article reveals some peculiarities of terms as specialized lexical units based on the example of the English-language astronomy terms. The carried out analysis is based on the material of the selection of terminological units of the total amount of 2000 units taken from dictionaries of astronomy terms and other sources. Two approaches to the study of the term’s nature are substantiated: normative and descriptive. The author of the article examines the requirements to the term as a special lexical unit such as systemacy, independence from the context, monosemanticity, exactness, conciseness, etc. The following methods have been used during the research: the methods of contextual and etymological analysis, component analysis of the structure of terminological units, reconstruction of structural and word-formative models of the lexical units under study, and quantitative processing of data. As a result of the research the author comes to the conclusion that the obligatory requirements of the astronomy term include the conformity with the norms and rules of the modern English language, systemacy, presence of definition, exactness, and conciseness. Desirable characteristics of the English-language astronomy term are relative independence from the context, monosemanticity, absence of synonyms, expressive neutrality and harmony. If the major part of astronomy terms meets the requirements of absence of expressiveness and harmony, one third of the amount of terminological selection does not satisfy the requirements of monosemanticity and non-synonymy.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2016.2.19720

Abstract: The article reveals some structural-semantic peculiarities of the professional jargonisms frequently used by police officers. The analysis is carried out based on the material of the English, Russian and Ukrainian jargonisms extracted by the method of continuous selection from different printed and Internet sources. The thesis is substantiated that the use of professional jargonisms in the Russian legislature is conditioned by different external and internal factors. It is the sphere of juridical communication where the problem of the artificial substitution of terminological units, terminology by slang and jargon especially sharply arises. A complex method of the research has been used during the research, it includes the methods of contextual analysis, component analysis of the morphological structure of jargonisms, reconstruction of word-formative models of the lexical units in question, and quantitative processing of data. Some common and distinctive structural, morphological and word-formative peculiarities of lexical units of this class are singled out as a result of the comparative analysis of the juridical jargon in the English, Russian and Ukrainian languages. It is determined that in terms of their structure one- and two-component juridical jargonisms prevail. A large amount of multicomponent jargon units has some characteristics of phraseological units.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2016.1.18257

Abstract: The subject of the research is the analysis of the main features of show business discourse as a specific sphere of the English-language discursive space. The object of the research is the discursive elements of contemporary English used in the sphere of show business. The author examines this sphere as having a special type of discourse with particular characteristics. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the definition of 'discourse' and its characteristics, i.e. systemically important features, in the sphere of show business. Show business discourse is viewed both as a cognitive communication process that directly relates to the creation of numerous verbal pieces in the sphere of show business and a certain combination of texts, both oral and written, created as a result of the aforesaid process and devoted to the events ongoing in the sphere of show business combined with intra-linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. Within the framework of the present research, the author has applied the integrated research method that combined discursive and contextual analysis methods as well as the method of continuous sampling of discursive elements. The author concludes that it is appropriate to talk about show business discourse as a specific sphere of the English-language discursive space. The discourse of this kind has all th systemically important elements, in particular, it implies participants, goals, strategies and communication techniques, chronotope, communication topics, basic values, kinds and genres of discourse, precedent texts, discursive formulas and finally functions to be fulfilled as part of the discursive process.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2015.4.16916

Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of eponymic terminological units of the spheres of digital photography and nanotechnologies in the contrastive-comparative aspect. It considers a short story of appearance of the term «eponym», the morphological and syntactic structure and from the point of view of anthropocentrism the word-formative models of eponymic terms as terminological units formed with the help of proper names. It is stated that the majority of such terminological units are correlated with the surnames of scientists who participated in the creation and development of any special objects, who made a certain discovery in the fields in question. A complex method of research is applied which includes definitional, contextual types of analysis, method of continuous selection of terms. Digital photography and nanotechnology terminologies, despite some distinctions in their nature and peculiarities of term-derivation in the Russian and English languages, are no exception. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of spelling of eponymic terms with small and capital letters in both languages, as well as to the abbreviating of onymic and appellative components. The authors come to the conclusion of the significance of eponymic terms in the spheres of digital photography and nanotechnologies, despite their relatively small amount in the analyzed terminological systems. Eponymic terms of the spheres of digital photography and nanotechnologies in the modern Russian and English languages are characterized by the different morphological-syntactic structure, the presence of eponymic and non-eponymic synonymic terms, a clearly expressed tendency to abbreviation.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2015.4.17089

Abstract: The article is devoted to the issue of a transdisciplinary character of some terminological systems drawing on the example of the sphere of management. In the framework of one field of knowledge a terminological unit has a standard set of constitutive features, such as monosemanticity, systemacy, etc. Due to the fact that nowadays some terminological systems go beyond a certain field of knowledge, some lexical corpora acquire the features of over-disciplinary terminological systems, that is their lexical units are used in several special spheres. The article attempts to give a complex cognitive-philosophical foundation of the above-mentioned process. A complex method of research is applied in the work, that comprises the contextual type of analysis, method of continuous selection of terminological units, as well as general scientific methods: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction. The first part of the article considers the theoretical-philosophical foundation of the transdisciplinary character of terminological systems. The second part of the article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of transdisciplinarity as an essential characteristic feature of some terminological systems in the light of cognitive terminology study drawing on the example management terminological system. The author comes to the conclusion that irrespective of a distribution of the term and its context the constitutive features of a terminological unit remain immutable. In turn the transdisciplinary character of terminological units is possible due to a complex mutual multidirectional extrapolation of terminological units from one field to another without a shift of the corresponding cognitive structures and, as a result, the changes of the semantic content of this lexical unit. A further study of the phenomenon of transdisciplinarity drawing on the material of different terminological systems is of special scientific interest and seems very perspective.