DOI: 10.25136/1339-3057.2019.3.30181

Abstract: The object of this research is the area of formation of the fortified settlements of the Bronze Age in South Ural – Bolshekaraganskaya Valley and the territory within the boundaries of Chelyabinsk Oblast adjacent to it. The subject of this research is the territorial-geographical complexes and historical-theoretical approaches towards studying the fortified settlements of ancient Ural in the dynamics of their development. The author meticulously examines such aspects of the topic as formation of the center and core of settlement structure of the Bronze Age in the basing of Bolshaya Karaganka River, which joins the Ural River, in the southern part Chelyabinskaya Oblast, territory also known as Arkaimskaya Valley. Special attention is given to localization and layer wise fixation of the fortified settlements, as well as typology of their morphogenesis. Research methodology is built on the theory of historical-architectural comparativism and comparative analysis of patterns of the fortified settlements in their layer wise fixation. The main conclusion is defined by the most comprehensive review of the typology of fortified settlements of South Ural of the Bronze Age. The analysis of planning analogues determined the typological and morphological similarity of the objects, continuity of building traditions in territories with the development town planning syste4ms of Middle Asia. The author provides certain clarifications in determination of the unique morphology of the patterns of fortified settlements, practically first known in history at the time of study, production-housing fortification constructs with the dominant metallurgical function. The research results suggest the origin of Sintashtinsko-Petrovsky town-forming fortification system in correspondence with the ancient architectural and urban traditions in Middle Asia at the early development stages of Indo-European states.

DOI: 10.7256/2310-8673.2017.3.23529

Abstract: The subject of this study is the historical reconstruction with the international theory and practice. The object of this study is the global experience, examples and methods of historical reconstruction of the most famous objects of antique architecture of I-III millennium BC. The role of historical reconstruction in solving issues of archeology and preservation of monuments is being examined. Particular attention is paid to the following aspects: analysis of the key legislative documents of the Russian Federation regulating the protection of  the objects of cultural heritage; terminological apparatus regulating the protection activity associated with the objects of cultural heritage; analysis of the examples of global experience of historical reconstruction of the objects of ancient architecture; main problems and directions of this type of preservation activity. Methodology of the research lies in analyzing the factographic sources, natural examination, and analysis of a number of examples and method of historical reconstruction of ancient architecture known on world practice. The main results of the research are related to the expansion of terminological apparatus and detailed theoretical comprehension of the new approach towards preserving the ancient architectural monuments in the Russian practice. The article reviews the Russian experience of implementation of the methods of historical reconstruction aimed at the ancient architectural objects in Southern Ural.

DOI: 10.7256/2310-8673.2017.2.22880

Abstract: This article examines a rare zoomorphic statuette carved from natural stone in a realistic manner of small plastic. The subject of the research constitutes the entire image of mammal in a horizontal position. The find was near the city of Magnitogorsk, near the former Staroseverniy village. We describe the background and details of the discovery artifact: place of discovery, process of exploration and excavation of soil, structure and morphology of subject. The authors examine the structure of zoomorphic depicted involvement in forms of aquatic animals; type object, allowing considers it a cult and radiocarbon dating analysis leads to conclusion of the periodization. It is noted that this finding has no known analogues reveals similarities but there are signs with zoomorphic subject’s realistic small plastic Neolithic, found in the Urals. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of morphology. It was established the statuette is the subject of cult in the Neolithic period, and could be used for daily or ritual purposes; it is dated back to about 4-5 thousand years BC. Author's contribution consists in the natural exploration of the territory of extraction of the artifacts, description, fixation, and establishment of dating og the subject discovered during the field research.