DOI: 10.7256/2453-613X.2019.1.40284

Abstract: The research subject is the live electronics genre -  the sphere of electroacoustic music in which electronic sounds are performed on stage by an operator or a computer. Sometimes they are planned by a composer, sometimes they are improvised according to the established rules, sometimes the operator prepares them beforehand. In the live electronics genre, coordination between the instrumentalist(s) and the operator is very important. Agreements or disagreements between their parts often determine structure, duration and functionality of musical pieces. In the majority of cases, it is clearly defined by composers even if its is an ultimate disagreement of elements: in such a case, the sequence or simultaneity of structures is planned. The author demonstrates the genre evolution patterns based on the analysis of particular pieces in terms of amplification of the electronic part and extension of its role in process. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the fact that for the first time, live electronics is not considered as a specific type of electroacoustic music using conventional instruments. The author studies the functionality of live electronics to demonstrate that it is a specific genre with its features, which is transitional towards multimedia.  

DOI: 10.7256/2453-613X.2018.3.27233

Abstract: The subject of the research is the place of traditional academic or folklore instruments as well as their assemblies, vocalists and choirs in electro-accoustic music. Electro-accoustic music is traditionally divided into two large groups, music played out from an electronic media, and music where the sound is accompanied with instrumental music. The author demonstrates that the latter group is an inevitable  consequence of the former. The first electro-accoustic composers emphasized that the music was perceived in a special way due to the briefness of its structure. The participation of traditional instruments united these brief structures, and the product became more familiar to the human ear, although the functional patterns between sounds remained in principle the same. The article is based on the analysis of the structures of musical works from simpler to more complex use of instruments in them. Fundamentally new in the article is the statement itself of the fact that "pure" electro-acoustic works reproduced from electronic media, and those in which instruments and voices are used, constitute a single group with identical functionality. The forms that the instrumental part can take are considered; and it is shown that not all works where the phonogram is used are electro-acoustic.

DOI: 10.7256/2453-613X.2018.3.40268

Abstract: The subject of the research is the place of traditional academic or folklore instruments as well as their assemblies, vocalists and choirs in electro-accoustic music. Electro-accoustic music is traditionally divided into two large groups, music played out from an electronic media, and music where the sound is accompanied with instrumental music. The author demonstrates that the latter group is an inevitable  consequence of the former. The first electro-accoustic composers emphasized that the music was perceived in a special way due to the briefness of its structure. The participation of traditional instruments united these brief structures, and the product became more familiar to the human ear, although the functional patterns between sounds remained in principle the same. The article is based on the analysis of the structures of musical works from simpler to more complex use of instruments in them. Fundamentally new in the article is the statement itself of the fact that "pure" electro-acoustic works reproduced from electronic media, and those in which instruments and voices are used, constitute a single group with identical functionality. The forms that the instrumental part can take are considered; and it is shown that not all works where the phonogram is used are electro-acoustic.

DOI: 10.7256/2453-613X.2018.2.26574

Abstract: The subject of the study is difference in the timbre characteristics of sonoristics and electro-acoustic music – musical texture often combined on the basis of colourfulness inherent in both of them. The article shows that it differs not only in nature (in the first case, the music is performed with traditional musical instruments and/or voices, in the second case it is synthesized or consists of transformed natural notes recorded on an electronic medium), but  it also suggests a different type of listening. In sonoristics the music consists of quite large structures, and the listener when mastering the musical language of the work can build the drama of the form, as it is done in relation to classical music. In electro-acoustic music musical events follow each other very quickly and usually differ from each other in timbre, and the listener perceives the work as a "stream of consciousness" without dividing it into structures, as he does not divide the sounds of nature or the environment. The article shows the difference between timbres and the ensuing types of music perception primarily through the analysis of the formal structure of works of various textures. The novelty of the approach lies in interpretation of the timbre of sonoblock as a developing phenomenon. The author shows that timbre is not a single static integral unit, it acquires its specific form depending on the type of music work. The author also indirectly demonstrates the common perception of music and the sounds of wildlife.

DOI: 10.7256/2453-613X.2018.2.40264

Abstract: The subject of the study is difference in the timbre characteristics of sonoristics and electro-acoustic music – musical texture often combined on the basis of colourfulness inherent in both of them. The article shows that it differs not only in nature (in the first case, the music is performed with traditional musical instruments and/or voices, in the second case it is synthesized or consists of transformed natural notes recorded on an electronic medium), but  it also suggests a different type of listening. In sonoristics the music consists of quite large structures, and the listener when mastering the musical language of the work can build the drama of the form, as it is done in relation to classical music. In electro-acoustic music musical events follow each other very quickly and usually differ from each other in timbre, and the listener perceives the work as a "stream of consciousness" without dividing it into structures, as he does not divide the sounds of nature or the environment. The article shows the difference between timbres and the ensuing types of music perception primarily through the analysis of the formal structure of works of various textures. The novelty of the approach lies in interpretation of the timbre of sonoblock as a developing phenomenon. The author shows that timbre is not a single static integral unit, it acquires its specific form depending on the type of music work. The author also indirectly demonstrates the common perception of music and the sounds of wildlife.

DOI: 10.7256/2453-613X.2018.1.25749

Abstract: The subject of the article is the conception of timbre used in musicology and the clarification of the concept denoting it. The current definition according to which timbre is a quality of sound due towhich the tones of the same pitch level and loudness sound differently does not withstand the slightest criticism. Firstly, not all sounds have a certain pitch level. Secondly, even if they have a certain pitch level, in reality this pitch is a collectionof frequencies. Thirdly, this formulation does not take into account the instances when instruments do not have a common sound. And, finally, it does not refer to the noises that are distinguished by timbre but do not have a certain pitch level. Moreover, it tacitly implies that only several instruments can be distinguished by timbre. However, in this respect, there are groups of instruments that rarely have one and the same sound and are not usually comparable in volume. The author analyses the spectra of various instruments, describes their evolution, compares the sounds of traditional instruments and voices with the sounds electronically synthesized. On basis of this research, the author suggests to consider timbre as a collection of simultaneous sounds expressed through the constancy of their overtone series maintaining their loudness in relation to each other. The author suggests to consider the timbre of one instrumenta particular instance of this set of sounds when it consists of only one member. The author also describes the types of mutual transition of timbres.

DOI: 10.7256/2453-613X.2018.1.40255

Abstract: The subject of the article is the conception of timbre used in musicology and the clarification of the concept denoting it. The current definition according to which timbre is a quality of sound due towhich the tones of the same pitch level and loudness sound differently does not withstand the slightest criticism. Firstly, not all sounds have a certain pitch level. Secondly, even if they have a certain pitch level, in reality this pitch is a collectionof frequencies. Thirdly, this formulation does not take into account the instances when instruments do not have a common sound. And, finally, it does not refer to the noises that are distinguished by timbre but do not have a certain pitch level. Moreover, it tacitly implies that only several instruments can be distinguished by timbre. However, in this respect, there are groups of instruments that rarely have one and the same sound and are not usually comparable in volume. The author analyses the spectra of various instruments, describes their evolution, compares the sounds of traditional instruments and voices with the sounds electronically synthesized. On basis of this research, the author suggests to consider timbre as a collection of simultaneous sounds expressed through the constancy of their overtone series maintaining their loudness in relation to each other. The author suggests to consider the timbre of one instrumenta particular instance of this set of sounds when it consists of only one member. The author also describes the types of mutual transition of timbres.

DOI: 10.7256/2453-613X.2017.2.24995

Abstract: The subject of the research is the functional similarity between tone and tembre that is demonstrated based on the example of monody and electro-acoustic music. Monody is a style of composition where sound, usually of a certain tone, is the main element while music composed for an electronic media does not have sounds of particular tone at all and tones and noise play the same role. Nevertheless, the main feature of both styles is a long duration of a stable sound. Another similar feature is overtones confined to voice or instrument used in a composition. The author of the article also underlines different stability and non-stability of sound in both styles. The research methods included mathematical, structural and spectral analysis of Medieval one-voice music as well as compositions by L. Berio, K. Stockhausen and P. Boulez. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author defines numerous similarities in functional relations and perception of monody and electro-acoustic music. The author refuses from the thematic analysis of the monody structure as in analysis of homophonic harmonic compositions and differentiates electro-acoustic music from sonorism that electro-acoustic music is often associated with due to its colorfulness. 

DOI: 10.7256/2453-613X.2017.2.40239

Abstract: The subject of the research is the functional similarity between tone and tembre that is demonstrated based on the example of monody and electro-acoustic music. Monody is a style of composition where sound, usually of a certain tone, is the main element while music composed for an electronic media does not have sounds of particular tone at all and tones and noise play the same role. Nevertheless, the main feature of both styles is a long duration of a stable sound. Another similar feature is overtones confined to voice or instrument used in a composition. The author of the article also underlines different stability and non-stability of sound in both styles. The research methods included mathematical, structural and spectral analysis of Medieval one-voice music as well as compositions by L. Berio, K. Stockhausen and P. Boulez. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author defines numerous similarities in functional relations and perception of monody and electro-acoustic music. The author refuses from the thematic analysis of the monody structure as in analysis of homophonic harmonic compositions and differentiates electro-acoustic music from sonorism that electro-acoustic music is often associated with due to its colorfulness. 

DOI: 10.7256/2453-613X.2016.4.23154

Abstract: Functionality in music is understood as “expectation of emergence of certain elements of a piece of music with a certain degree of probability” (A.P. Milka). It is usually expressed as a system of inclination of unstable elements of a tonality to stable ones. The author of this article carries out mathematical analysis of this aspect within the multimedia genre, which combines sounds and silence, present in every piece of music, with visual imagery (motions, pictures, films, etc.). Its elements can be repeated, like sounds do, and, if they are central elements of the composition, they can be more stable than sounds. The author defines the common principles of functionality in multimedia and demonstrates the forms of their expression in a performance and in a happening. The analysis is based on the law of probability. It helps find regularities of stability-instability relationship in compositions containing a gesture. The author proves that in multimedia, where the length of a composition is often not defined by the composer, those elements are more stable, which are repeated with higher probability. The author is the first to give exact definitions to the regularities of functionality in multimedia, in which musicological analysis has usually been substituted with descriptions. 

DOI: 10.7256/2453-613X.2016.4.40231

Abstract: Functionality in music is understood as “expectation of emergence of certain elements of a piece of music with a certain degree of probability” (A.P. Milka). It is usually expressed as a system of inclination of unstable elements of a tonality to stable ones. The author of this article carries out mathematical analysis of this aspect within the multimedia genre, which combines sounds and silence, present in every piece of music, with visual imagery (motions, pictures, films, etc.). Its elements can be repeated, like sounds do, and, if they are central elements of the composition, they can be more stable than sounds. The author defines the common principles of functionality in multimedia and demonstrates the forms of their expression in a performance and in a happening. The analysis is based on the law of probability. It helps find regularities of stability-instability relationship in compositions containing a gesture. The author proves that in multimedia, where the length of a composition is often not defined by the composer, those elements are more stable, which are repeated with higher probability. The author is the first to give exact definitions to the regularities of functionality in multimedia, in which musicological analysis has usually been substituted with descriptions.